Rotating toroids in G10.62–0.38, G19.61–0.23, and G29.96–0.02

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Table 7

List of rotating disks and toroids in high-mass (proto)stars.

		^b	M _gas ^c	R	V _rot
Number^a	Core	(M_⊙)	(M_⊙)	(pc)	(km s^-1)	Refs.^d	t_ff/t_rot^e

1	IRAS 20126+4104	0.93	4	0.008	1.3	1,2	0.36
2	Cepheus A HW2	2.1	8^f	0.0016	3.0	3	0.25
3	IRAS 23151+5912	11	26	0.010	3.0	4	0.27
4	GH2O 92.67+3.07	12^g	12	0.035	1.2	5	0.18
5	G29.96−0.02	28	28	0.011	1.6	6	0.10
6	G20.08−0.14N	40	95^h	0.024	3.5ⁱ	7	0.26
7	NGC 6334I	43	17	0.0014	5.1	8, 9	0.09
8	IRAS 18089−1732	59	45^j	0.010	4.0	10	0.16
9	G10.62−0.38	82	82	0.016	2.1	6	0.09
10	G28.87+0.07	98	100	0.029	0.5	11	0.03
11	G24.78+0.08 C	98	250	0.040	0.5	12	0.03
12	W51 North	160	90	0.068	1.5	13	0.09
13	G24.78+0.08 A2	163	80	0.020	0.75	12	0.03
14	W51e2	241	140	0.010	2.0	14, 15	0.04
15	G24.78+0.08 A1	264	130	0.020	1.5	12	0.04
16	G23.01−0.41	274	380	0.060^k	0.6	11	0.03
17	IRAS 18566+0408	304	70	0.034	3.0	16	0.09
18	G19.61–0.23	415	415	0.031	1.0	6	0.03
19	G31.41+0.31	508	490	0.040	2.1	12	0.06
20	NGC 7538S	607	100	0.070	1.35	17	0.04

Notes.

^(a)

Number in Fig. 12.

^(b)

Masses estimated assuming the dust opacities of Ossenkopf & Henning (1994; see Sect. 6).

^(c)

Masses from the literature (see Sect. 6).

^(d)

References for the core parameters: 1: Cesaroni et al. (2007); 2: Cesaroni et al. (2005) 3: Patel et al. (2005); 4: Beuther et al. (2007c); 5: Bernard et al. (1999); 6: This work; 7: Galván-Madrid et al. (2009); 8: Hunter et al. (2006); 9: Beuther et al. (2008); 10: Beuther et al. (2005); 11: Furuya et al. (2008); 12: Beltrán et al. (2004); 13: Zapata et al. (2008); 14: Zhang & Ho (1997); 15: Shi et al. (2010); 16: Zhang et al. (2007); 17: Sandell et al. (2003).

^(e)

The free-fall times t_ff have been estimated from the masses obtained assuming the dust opacities of Ossenkopf & Henning (1994). The uncertainty in t_ff/t_rot is ~25%.

^(f)

Mass estimated using β = 2 (Patel et al. 2005).

^(g)

The mass of this core has been estimated from CS (Bernard et al. 1999) and is the value used to derive t_ff.

^(h)

Mass estimated using β = 1.5 (Galván-Madrid et al. 2009).

⁽ⁱ⁾

V_rot is ~3–4 km s^-1 (Galván-Madrid et al. 2009).

^(j)

Mass estimated assuming a hot core temperature of 100 K (Beuther et al. 2005).

^(k)

R ranges from 0.055 to 0.068 pc depending on the observational wavelength (Furuya et al. 2008).

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