Issue |
A&A
Volume 518, July-August 2010
Herschel: the first science highlights
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Article Number | A11 | |
Number of page(s) | 9 | |
Section | Stellar structure and evolution | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014262 | |
Published online | 20 August 2010 |
New Baade-Wesselink distances and radii for four metal-rich Galactic Cepheids
S. Pedicelli1,2 - B. Lemasle3 - M. Groenewegen4 - M. Romaniello1 - G. Bono2,5 - C. D. Laney6 - P. François7 - R. Buonanno2,8 - F. Caputo5 - J. Lub9 - J. W. Pel3 - F. Primas1 - J. Pritchard1
1 - European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
2 - Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
3 - Kapteyn Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
4 - Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
5 - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
6 - South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, South Africa
7 - Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, GEPI, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
8 - ASI-Science Data Center, ASDC c/o ESRIN, via G. Galilei, 00044 Frascati, Italy
9 - Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
Received 15 February 2010 / Accepted 12 March 2010
Abstract
Aims. We provide accurate estimates of distances, radii, and
iron abundances of four metal-rich Cepheids, namely V340 Ara,
UZ Sct, AV Sgr, and VY Sgr. The main aim of this
investigation is to constrain their pulsation properties and their
location across the Galactic inner disk.
Methods. We adopted new accurate NIR (J,H,K)
light curves and new radial velocity measurements for the target
Cepheids to determinate their distances and radii using the
Baade-Wesselink technique. In particular, we adopted the most recent
calibrations of both the IR surface brightness relation and the
projection factor. We also provide accurate measurements of the iron
abundance of the target Cepheids.
Results. Current distance estimates agree to within one
with similar distances based on either empirical or theoretical NIR
Period-Luminosity (P-L) relations. However, the uncertainties in the
Baade-Wesselink distances are on average a factor of 3-4 smaller
than errors affecting other distance determinations. Mean
Baade-Wesselink radii also agree at the one
level with Cepheid radii based either on empirical or theoretical
Period-Radius relations. Iron abundances are, within one ,
similar to those determined by Andrievsky and collaborators, thus
confirming that the target Cepheids are super metal-rich. We also found
that the luminosity amplitudes of classical Cepheids, at odds with RR
Lyrae stars, do not exhibit a clear correlation with their metal
content. This circumstantial evidence appears to be caused by the
Hertzsprung progression and the dependence of the topology of the
instability strip on metallicity, evolutionary effects, and binaries.
Key words: stars: abundances - stars: distances - stars: variables: Cepheids - Galaxy: disk - stars: oscillations
1 Introduction
Classical Cepheids are used as both standard candles and tracers of young stellar populations (Maciel & Costa 2009; Pedicelli et al. 2009). They are bright and variable objects and thanks to the Hubble Space Telescope they have been identified and accurately measured in both Local Group ( Mpc) and Local Volume ( Mpc) galaxies (Freedman et al. 2001; Bono et al. 2008; Tammann et al. 2003). They obey a Period-Luminosity (PL) relation and are the most popular primary distance indicators (Groenewegen 2007,2008; di Benedetto 2008; Marengo et al. 2009; Macri et al. 2006; Kervella et al. 2008; Feast 1999; Fouqué et al. 2007; Scowcroft et al. 2009; Kanbur et al. 2009). In spite of these considerable observational and theoretical efforts (Marconi 2009, and references therein), the universality of the optical and near-infrared (NIR) PL relations has not been empirically verified (Romaniello et al. 2008; Benedict et al. 2007; Sandage et al. 2009), even though the zero-point and the slope of the PL relation have been estimated with a variety of independent methods.
Table 1: Intrinsic parameters, mean NIR magnitudes, and mean radial velocities for the target Cepheids.
The calibration and the validation of the PL relation should be based on distances measured with a geometrical method such as trigonometric parallaxes. This approach was adopted by Benedict et al. (2007), who measured parallaxes with a mean accuracy of 8% for nine Galactic Cepheids using the fine guidance sensor (FGS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). A new revision of HIPPARCOS parallaxes for Galactic Cepheids (244 objects) was provided by van Leeuwen (2007) and van Leeuwen et al. (2007). The accuracy of the new measurements is on average a factor of two higher than the old ones. However, the Cepheids with the most accurate HIPPARCOS parallaxes are Polaris ( UMa) and the prototype Cep. The accuracy for the former is 1.6% (van Leeuwen et al. 2007), and for the latter similar to the accuracy of the FGS HST parallax, namely 5.2% versus 4.1% (Mérand et al. 2005).
The Baade-Wesselink method (BW, Wesselink 1946; Baade 1926) provides an independent empirical approach to measuring Cepheid absolute distances and can be applied to variable stars. This method relies on two observables: the radial velocity () and the variation in the angular diameter (). The latter parameter has been historically substituted by the variation in color along the pulsation cycle. However, direct measurements of the Cepheid angular diameter were provided by Kervella et al. (2004b) using the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). In particular, the VLT INterferometer Commissioning Instrument (VINCI) gave the unique opportunity to provide angular diameter measurements along the pulsation cycle for seven Cepheids. These pioneering measurements encouraged a detailed comparison between theory and observations concerning limb darkening and the atmosphere of variable stars (Marengo et al. 2003; Nardetto et al. 2007), but the number of Cepheids for which these measurements are available remains very limited.
To overcome the difficulties in the interferometric measurement of the angular diameter, several variants of the BW method have been developed. Among them, the methods based on the surface-brightness (SB) relations search for correlations between variations in color and variations in angular diameters. This method can be applied to Cepheids for which accurate radial velocities and multiwavelength light curves are available. Storm et al. (2004), Kervella et al. (2004a), and Groenewegen (2007, hereafter G07) derived these relations using an optical-NIR (V-K) color (IRSB), which enables the highest precision to be achieved in the derived quantities.
However, the most relevant limitation of typically adopted BW methods is the value of the projection factor (p-factor). This parameter links radial velocity variations to radius changes but still lacks strong theoretical and empirical constraints (Nardetto et al. 2009). It can be empirically estimated using Cepheids for which accurate interferometric angular diameter measurements, radial velocity curves, and trigonometric parallaxes are available. This approach was applied to Cep by Mérand et al. (2005) using the new optical interferometric measurements obtained with the CHARA Array, the FGS HST trigonometric parallax by Benedict et al. (2007), and the radial velocities available in the literature. The p-factor that they found, , agrees well with theoretical predictions by Nardetto et al. (2004). G07 found that the use of a constant p-factor ( ) for six Galactic Cepheids with interferometrically measured angular diameter variations and known distances, agrees quite well with HST parallaxes. He found that a strong period dependence of the p-factor ( , Gieren et al. 2005), could also be ruled out. However, a moderate period dependence ( ), as suggested by Gieren et al. (1997,1998,1993), Barnes et al. (2003), Storm et al. (2004), and Nardetto et al. (2009) ( ), is consistent with currently available data (G07).
We apply the BW method using the latest calibration of the IRSB relation (Groenewegen 2010, hereinafter G10, in preparation) to estimate the distance of four metal-rich Galactic Cepheids. In particular, we use new radial velocity measurements, new accurate NIR (J,H,K) light curves, and V-band light curves available in the literature (Berdnikov 1992). We discuss in Sect. 4 the iron abundance of the four target Cepheids using Fe I and Fe II lines. Section 5 deals with the pulsation amplitude of metal-rich Cepheids, while in Sect. 6 we summarize current findings and outline future developments of this project.
2 Photometric and spectroscopic data
The selected stars are the most metal-rich Cepheids in the large sample (113 objects) collected by Andrievsky et al. (2002b,2004,2002a,c). Positional and physical parameters for the selected Cepheids are listed in Table 1.
2.1 Optical and NIR data
To provide accurate estimates of their distances, we use the most recent calibration of the IRSB relation (Barnes et al. 1976; Laney & Stobie 1995; Storm et al. 2004; Fouqué & Gieren 1997; G10), and one of us (CDL) collected accurate multi-epoch, multi-band NIR data at SAAO for the four targets. The typical uncertainty in individual phase points ranges from 0.005 to 0.007 mag for K<6 mag, diminishing to about 0.012 at K=8.6 mag. Figure 1 shows the J, H, and K-band light curves for the target Cepheids. The intrinsic scatter () in the fit with a cubic spline (red line) and the luminosity amplitude are also labeled. The mean NIR (J,H,K) magnitudes were estimated by obtaining the time average of the magnitudes and are listed in Table 1. The typical uncertainties are on the order of a few hundredths of a magnitude.
Figure 1: From left to right J,H,K-band light curves for the four metal-rich selected Cepheids. In each panel, we also plot the intrinsic scatter () of the fit with a cubic spline (red line) and the luminosity amplitude. |
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For three of the four targets (AV Sgr, UZ Sct, VY Sgr) we present detailed optical light curves collected in the Walraven bands (Lub & Pel 1975,1977; Pel 1976; Walraven et al. 1964). However, to derive the Baade-Wesselink solution we decided to use more recent V-band light curves available in the literature (Berdnikov 1992), since the accuracy improves if we consider photometric and radial velocity data that are close in time. The large sample of Cepheids with Walraven photometry will be used in Sect. 5, where we discuss the period-amplitude diagram.
Table 2: New weak Fe II line list added to the Fe I and Fe II line list of Romaniello et al. (2008).
Figure 2: Radial velocity curves for the four selected Cepheids, measured by cross-correlating a line list (see text). The red asterisks display the radial velocities based on the high S/N spectra adopted for measuring the iron abundance. The amplitude and the mean radial velocity (km s-1) are labeled. |
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2.2 Spectroscopic data
In addition to photometric data, we acquired for the target Cepheids accurate multi-epoch, high-resolution ( ) spectra with FEROS mounted on the 2.2 m MPG/ESO telescope covering the entire pulsational cycle. The goal was to provide individual radial velocity measurements with an accuracy of 1 km s-1 for two dozen epochs. The number of epochs is a strong requirement to meet, using BW methods, the nominal accuracy of 5% in distance. The spectroscopic sample includes more than 25 spectra per Cepheid (see Col. 9 in Table 1). These spectra were collected between May and September 2005. The typical exposure time was 320 s, and the quality of the individual spectra is quite good (signal-to-noise ratio hereafter S/N of about 70) allowing us to reach the accuracy required in the radial velocity measurements. Radial velocity measurements were performed using fitline a semi-interactive routine developed by one of us (PF, François et al. 2007), which is based on a cross-correlation between the lines of each spectrum and a given linelist. The reader interested in a more detailed description of fitline is referred to Lemasle et al. (2007,2008). We note that to deal properly with metal-rich Cepheids the iron linelist provided by Romaniello et al. (2008) was supplemented with three dozen weak Fe II lines (see Table 2). Figure 2 shows the individual radial velocity measurements and the fit with a cubic spline (red lines). The mean radial velocities ( ) and the velocity amplitudes ( ) based on the spline fit are also labeled (see Cols. 10 and 11 of Table 1).
Figure 3: High S/N spectra for the four selected Cepheids in a limited wavelength range (5930-6000 ). Vertical dashed and dotted lines mark Fe I and Fe II lines. In each panel is also plotted the S/N the of either individual (AV Sgr) or coadded spectra. |
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The target Cepheids are among the most metal-rich Galactic Cepheids and, as expected, they are located close to the inner edge of the thin disk (Pedicelli et al. 2009). To provide accurate iron abundance measurements, we also collected for each target 1-2 high S/N spectra with FEROS at the 2.2 m MPG/ESO telescope (see red asterisks in Fig. 2 and Table 1). These spectra were collected by one of us (PF) at the end of March 2007. The typical exposure time is 1800 s and their S/N ratio ranges from 150 to 300. The abundance analysis of the Cepheids with two high S/N spectra was performed on the coadded spectrum, since they were collected close in time. Figure 3 shows the coadded spectra for the four selected Cepheids in the wavelength range between 5930 and 6000 . The vertical dashed and dotted lines indicate the Fe I ( , 5934.66, 5956.70, 5976.78, 5983.69, 5984.79, 5987.05 Å) and Fe II ( ) lines, respectively. The S/N of either the individual (AV Sgr) or coadded spectra is also labeled.
3 BW method
The BW method adopted to estimate distances and radii was
discussed in (Groenewegen 2004,2007,2008).
We briefly mention the key points of the method and the
differences from the original approach.
According to the definition of quasi-monochromatic surface brightness,
we can write
= const.
The absolute magnitude, and in turn the distance, can be found by differentiating
this equation with respect to the pulsation phase, by multiplying the result for
a color index - (V-K)0 - and then by integrating over the entire pulsation
cycle. The radial velocity is tightly correlated with the pulsation velocity
and the curve can be integrated to obtain the radius variation as a function
of time (phase)
where P is the pulsation period, p the projection factor, the systematic radial velocity, and accounts for a phase shift between the radial velocity curve and the angular diameter changes measured either interferometrically or by means of the SB relation. Eventually, we end up with the equation = const. , where is the angular diameter in mas, R0 the stellar radius in solar radii, and d the distance in parsec. We measure the apparent radial velocity , i.e. the Doppler shift of absorption lines in the stellar atmosphere, projected along the line of sight and integrated over the stellar disk. To obtain the pulsational velocity, we use the p-factor (see Col. 2 in Table 3) derived from Nardetto et al. (2009)
Integration of the pulsational velocity over the entire pulsation cycle provides an estimate of the linear radius variation. The angular diameter variation was derived using the IRSB method and the (V - K) color. The calibration adopted in this investigation was derived by G10
The above relation and Eq. (1) give, once integrated over the pulsation cycle, individual Cepheid distances.
Table 3: Distances and radii according to the BW-analysis of the four selected Cepheids.
Figure 4: From left to right: V340 Ara, UZ Sct, AV Sgr, and VY Sgr. For each star, the top panels show the linear-bisector fit to the angular diameter as a function of radial displacement. The bottom panels show the angular diameter against phase. Crosses indicate data-points not included in the fit. |
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3.1 Cepheid distances
Figure 4 shows from left to right the application of the BW method to V340 Ara, UZ Sct, AV Sgr, and VY Sgr. For each Cepheid, we plot the variation in the angular diameter with phase (bottom panels) and the change in angular diameter derived from the IRSB relation (see Eq. (3)) versus the change in radius (top panels) obtained by integration of the RV curve (see Eq. (1)). The absolute magnitudes were inferred in a self-consistent way from the Fourier fit to the data. We note that the fit in the phase interval 0.8-1.0 is often poor. This limitation of the BW method was known before (Storm et al. 2004). It was argued that non-LTE effects and an increase in the micro turbulence during these phases may change the atmospheric structure, and in turn hamper the use of a simple surface-brightness relation (Bersier et al. 1997). Table 3 lists the estimated distances and radii and the comparison with previous estimates. The errors listed in Cols. 3 and 4 of Table 3 give the uncertainties (one ) on distance and radius for the target Cepheids. They account not only for the errors in the fit, but also for the errors estimated running several Monte Carlo simulations by artificially changing individual errors in V, K, and RV measurements. To compare the above distances with similar estimates available in the literature we adopted the J, H and K-band PL relations for Galactic Cepheids recently provided by Fouqué et al. (2007). The mean of the three individual distances together with their errors for the target Cepheids are listed in Cols. 5 of Table 3. The errors account for the uncertainty in both the mean magnitudes and the PL relations. The comparison indicates that distances based on both the BW method and NIR PL relation agree to within 1. The uncertainties in the BW distances have been typically determined by taking into account the errors in both the fit and those estimated using Monte Carlo simulations to have values from 6% (UZ Sct, AV Sgr, VY Sgr) to 14% (V340 Ara), while the uncertainties in the distances based on the empirical NIR PL relations range from 22% to 34%.
The NIR PL relations provided by Fouqué et al. (2007) do not account for a possible dependence of the NIR PL relation on the metal content. We consider Cepheids characterized by super-solar iron abundances. Therefore, we estimated the Cepheid distances using theoretical NIR PL relations including both metal-intermediate and metal-rich Cepheid models (F. Caputo, private communication). Data listed in Col. 6 of Table 3 indicate that distances based on these theoretical NIR PL relations also agree to within 1 with the BW estimates. We note that the distances and their uncertainties based on theoretical PL relations are larger than the empirical ones, since the former relations were derived including all the fundamental models with abundances ranging from Z=0.001 to Z=0.04 and different helium contents (Bono et al. 2010, in prep.).
The mean Cepheid radii listed in Col. 4 of Table 3 agree quite well with the mean radii inferred from empirical period-radius (PR) relation for Galactic Cepheids recently provided by G07 (see Col. 7 in Table 3). We note that this PR relation is based on data for six Galactic Cepheids with known distances (Benedict et al. 2007) and interferometrically measured angular diameter variations (Kervella et al. 2004b; Mérand et al. 2005). A similar result was found when comparing with radii based on the predicted PR relation for Galactic Cepheids provided by Petroni et al. (2003), assuming a solar chemical composition. Current radii agree on average to within 10% (two ) with the predicted and empirical PR relations.
Table 4: Intrinsic parameters and iron abundances for the target Cepheids.
4 Cepheid iron abundances
To measure the iron abundances of the target Cepheids, we followed the same approach suggested by Lemasle et al. (2007), which relies on three different types of input data:
- Line list: We adopted the line list of Romaniello et al. (2008), which includes 275 Fe I lines and 37 Fe II lines covering the FEROS spectral range. However, the target Cepheids are metal-rich and a good fraction of the Fe II lines are saturated. To provide robust estimates of intrinsic parameters and hence accurate measurements of iron abundances, we supplemented the line list of Romaniello et al. (2008) with 39 new weak Fe II lines (see Table 2).
- Equivalent width: The measurement of the equivalent widths (EW) of the iron lines was performed using fitline. This code uses a Gaussian fit, which is defined by the four parameters of central wavelength, width, depth, and continuum value of the individual lines. The initial value of the Gaussian parameters is fixed by randomly selecting the four parameters. The ``genetic'' algorithm then computes the between the observed line and the expected Gaussian profile and the new set of Gaussian parameters among the 20 best fit solutions of the previous ``generation'' by applying random modifications to the values of the parameters (``mutation''). After 100-200 ``generations'', the algorithm provides the best-fit Gaussian parameters (lowest ) for each observed line. For the measurement of the iron abundance, we selected only lines with equivalent widths between 10 and 200 m. The lower limit was chosen to be a safe compromise between the spectral characteristics and the need for weak lines for an optimal abundance determination. The upper limit was fixed to avoid the saturated portion of the curve of growth.
- Stellar parameters: The determination of an accurate effective temperature is a critical point in the abundance determination. This requirement becomes even more important when we study variable stars, since the temperature estimate has to refer to the pulsation phase at which the spectrum was collected. In this analysis, the effective temperature ( ) was estimated spectroscopically using the line depth ratios (LDR) method described in Kovtyukh & Gorlova (2000). This technique has the advantage of being independent of interstellar reddening and minimally dependent on metallicity. These uncertainties plague other methods such as the integrated flux method or the color-temperature relations (Krockenberger et al. 1998; Gray 1994). This approach becomes even more relevant for the target Cepheids, since they are located close to the edge of the inner Galactic disk, and therefore they are characterized by high reddening values (see Col. 5 in Table 1). The estimated effective temperatures and their errors are listed in Col. 2 of Table 4. The surface gravity () and the microturbulent velocity () were constrained by minimizing the log([Fe/H]) versus EW slope (using the Fe I abundance) and by imposing the ionization balance between Fe I and Fe II (see Cols. 3 and 4 in Table 4). These two procedures are tightly connected and require an iterative process. The initial values of the microturbulent velocity and surface gravity were fixed using typical Cepheid values ( km s-1, , Andrievsky et al. 2002b). For the ionization balance, we assume that it was fulfilled when the difference between [Fe I/H] and [Fe II/H] was smaller than the standard deviation in [Fe II/H] (typically, dex). If this condition was satisfied by more than one value of , we verified which value also satisfies the ionization balance within the standard deviation on [Fe I/H] (typically, dex). The effective temperatures listed in Col. 5 ( (Model)) are the final best-fit values of the atmosphere models adopted in the iterative process. To determine the errors in the microturbulent velocity and the surface gravity, we completed several iterations for each star, for each slightly modifying the values of these two intrinsic parameters that fulfill the requirements mentioned above. We have estimated that the intrinsic error in the microturbulent velocity is of the order of 0.1 km s-1, while the intrinsic error in the surface gravity is of the order of 0.10 dex.
5 Period-amplitude diagram
The metal-rich regime of classical Cepheids was only marginally investigated,
since until a few years ago iron measurements for these objects were not available.
As we mentioned in Sect. 2, Walraven VBLUW photometry is available
for more than 160 Galactic Cepheids. The pulsation properties of these objects
will be discussed in a forthcoming paper (Pedicelli et al. 2010).
Interestingly, three out of the four target Cepheids belong to this
sample, namely AV Sgr, UZ Sct, and VY Sgr.
For these Cepheids, secured data for at least 30 phase points in
five-VBLUW bands that properly cover the entire pulsation cycle.
The intrinsic accuracy of individual measurements is on the order of
a few millimag. The uncertainty in the mean magnitudes, estimated
using a fit with a cubic spline, is at most of the order of a few
hundredths of a magnitude.
To investigate the possible correlation between luminosity amplitude
and iron abundance, the Walraven
-band photometric data were
transformed into the Johnson
-band data using the relations
Accurate iron abundance measurements for Walraven Cepheids are available for 77 objects, while for 67 objects metallicity estimates are available based on the Walraven metallicity index (Pedicelli et al. 2008, and references therein). This sample was supplemented with 115 Cepheids for which accurate iron abundances exist in the literature, based on high resolution spectra (Romaniello et al. 2008; Lemasle et al. 2007; Andrievsky et al. 2004,2002c; Lemasle et al. 2008; Andrievsky et al. 2002b; Sziládi et al. 2007; Andrievsky et al. 2002a). We ended up with a sample of 259 Galactic Cepheids and the top panel of Fig. 5 shows the metallicity distribution. To provide accurate estimates of the mean metallicity and their spread in metallicity of the Galactic disk, we created a Gaussian kernel with a equal to the metallicity uncertainty of individual Cepheids. The metallicity distribution we obtained is plotted in the bottom panel of Fig. 5 and the red line shows the Gaussian fit. We found a solar mean metallicity ( ) and a sigma of 0.18 dex. These values agree quite well with similar metallicity distributions available in the literature (Cescutti et al. 2007; Chiappini et al. 2001). Our metallicity distribution is also asymmetric, and indeed the metal-poor tail is shallower than the metal-rich one. This finding agrees with predictions based on Galactic chemical evolution models (Holmberg et al. 2007; Yin et al. 2009).
Figure 5: Top - Metallicity distribution of Galactic Cepheids. Bottom - Same as the top, but the metallicity distribution was smoothed using a Gaussian kernel with standard deviation equal to the metallicity uncertainty of individual Cepheids. The red line shows the Gaussian fit of the metallicity distribution. The mean and the are also labeled. |
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Figure 6: Top - V-band amplitude versus period for a sample of 259 Galactic Cepheids. Triangles and circles display spectroscopic and photometric metallicities, respectively. Red and green dots mark metal-rich ( ) and metal-poor ( ) Cepheids, while the blue ones show Cepheids with iron abundances ranging from -0.04 to -0.02 dex. The selected metal-rich Cepheids are marked with a cross, while the pluses mark first overtone pulsators. Bottom - same as the top, but the vertical dashed line splits short- ( ) and long-period ( ) Cepheids. The fractions of metal-poor and metal-rich Cepheids are also labeled. |
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To constrain the dependence of the pulsation properties on the metal content, we adopted the Bailey diagram, i.e. luminosity amplitude vs pulsation period. Data plotted in Figs. 6 and 7 show the V, B luminosity amplitudes of the Cepheid sample adopted by Pedicelli et al. (2009). The amplitudes are based on either Walraven photometry - transformed into the Johnson system (see Sect. 2.1) - or data in the Galactic Cepheid catalog provided by Fernie et al. (1995). To constrain the possible dependence of the pulsation amplitude on the metal content, we selected three different sub-samples that are representative of the metal-poor ( dex) tail, the metal-rich ( dex) tail, and the peak metallicity ( dex). The three samples roughly include two dozen Cepheids. Data plotted in the top panels of Figs. 6 and 7 indicate that both V and B-band amplitudes are not correlated with the metal content. This feature does not agree with a well established theoretical and empirical evidence of RR Lyrae stars (Bono et al. 2007), i.e. the prototype of low-mass, helium burning radial variables located inside the so-called Cepheid instability strip. This difference can be partially explained with the empirical circumstance that Galactic RR Lyrae variables cover almost three dex in metal content, when moving from the halo to the bulge, while Galactic Cepheids in the disk cover only one dex. The Hertzsprung progression causes a systematic decrease in the pulsation amplitudes for periods across ten days (Payne-Gaposchkin 1951,1954). The findings of both empirical (Beaulieu 1998; Welch et al. 1997; Andreasen & Petersen 1987; Moskalik et al. 2000) and theoretical (Bono et al. 2000b) studies indicate that a decrease in metal content causes a systematic drift in the center of the Hertzsprung progression toward shorter periods. This implies that there is a reshuffle in the pattern of the luminosity amplitudes as a function of the pulsation period when studying Cepheids with different metal abundances. However, a spread in amplitude is also found at periods shorter and longer than the Hertzsprung progression. This indicates that the lack of a well defined correlation with metallicity might be caused by the dependence of the topology of the instability strip on the chemical composition (Pel & Lub 1978; Bono et al. 2000a,1999), by evolutionary effects, and by binarity (see Pedicelli et al. 2010, in preparation).
As a final test concerning the metallicity distribution of Galactic Cepheids, we divide the sample into short ( ) and long ( ) period objects. Data plotted in the bottom panels of Figs. 6 and 7 show that metal-rich ( dex) Cepheids are more frequent among long- than among short-period Cepheids (15% vs. 5%) Cepheids. On the other hand, the metal-poor ( dex) Cepheids are equally distributed between the two groups. The evidence that the period distribution of classical Cepheids depends on the metal-content dates back to Gascoigne (1974, and references therein), who realized that the peak shifts toward shorter periods when moving from Galactic to Small Magellanic Cloud Cepheids. Subsequent evolutionary tracks for intermediate-mass stars showed that more metal-poor structures are characterized, at fixed mass, by blue loops that cover a larger temperature range. This means that the minimum Cepheid mass crossing the instability strip is lower for metal-poor than metal-rich systems. In consequence, a systematic drift in the period distribution of metal-rich Cepheids is expected. However, the period cut that we adopted is well beyond the short period cutoff of Galactic Cepheids, thus suggesting that the paucity of metal-rich Cepheids among short-period Cepheids is probably caused by an observational bias.
Figure 7: Same as Fig. 6, but for the B-band amplitudes. |
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6 Summary and conclusions
We have determined accurate BW distances and radii for four metal-rich Cepheids, namely V340 Ara, UZ Sct, AV Sgr, and VY Sgr. Taken at face value, current distance estimates agree quite well with similar estimates based either on empirical (Fouqué et al. 2007) or theoretical NIR PL relations. However, the uncertainties affecting the BW distances, by summing in quadrature the errors in the fit and the errors estimated with the Monte Carlo simulations, are on average a factor of 3-4 smaller than for distances based on predicted and empirical NIR PL relation. The same outcome applies to the mean Cepheid radii, but the uncertainties in the BW radii, evaluated by summing in quadrature the errors in both the fit and Monte Carlo simulations, are on average a factor of two larger than for radii based on either the empirical or the theoretical PR relation provided by G07 and Petroni et al. (2003), respectively.
We also collected high-resolution, high S/N ratio spectra to measure the iron abundances of the target Cepheids. Special care was taken to provide accurate estimates of intrinsic parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity, microturbulent velocity) directly from observed spectra. We performed detailed measurements of iron abundances using large samples of Fe I and Fe II lines. Current abundances indicate that selected Cepheids are super metal-rich and agree, within 1, with iron abundances provided by Andrievsky et al. (2002b) using a similar approach.
We adopted a sample of 259 Galactic Cepheids for which either spectroscopic iron measurements or metallicity estimates based on the Walraven metallicity index (Pedicelli et al. 2008) are available. In contrast to low-mass helium burning RR Lyrae stars, we found that classical Cepheids do not appear to exhibit in the Bailey diagram (luminosity amplitude versus pulsation period) a clear correlation between luminosity amplitude and metallicity. The lack of this correlation might be caused by the Hertzsprung progression. We also found that a good fraction of metal-rich ( dex) Cepheids are located among long-period ( ) variables. However, for the moment this can only be considered as circumstantial evidence, since the current sample is probably affected by selection bias. Metal-rich Cepheids are located in the inner disk and are typically affected by high extinctions. The selected Cepheids have Galactocentric distances smaller than 6.5 kpc and their reddening ranges from 0.6 to 1.3 mag. A detailed analysis of the pulsation properties of metal-rich Cepheids should be performed for more complete samples. However, classical Cepheids are excellent tracers of young stellar populations, and their pulsation properties and radial distribution across both the inner Galactic disk and the bar can provide robust constraints on bar-driven formation scenarios (Zoccali et al. 2006; van Loon et al. 2003; Debattista et al. 2004) on short (10-100 Myr) timescales.
AcknowledgementsWe acknowledge an anonymous referee for his/her positive opinion concerning the content of this investigation. Two of us (S.P., G.B.) acknowledge ESO support (DGDF funds) for a stay in Garching, during which a good part of this paper was written. It is a pleasure to thank M. Zoccali for interesting discussions concerning the interaction between the Galactic disk and the bulge. We also thank G. Iannicola and I. Ferraro for their suggestions concerning Gaussian smoothing.
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Footnotes
- ... Cepheids
- Based on observations made with MPG/ESO 2.2 m telescope at La Silla Observatory under proposal IDs: 75.D-0676, 60.A-9120 and multi-epoch, multi-band NIR data at SAAO.
All Tables
Table 1: Intrinsic parameters, mean NIR magnitudes, and mean radial velocities for the target Cepheids.
Table 2: New weak Fe II line list added to the Fe I and Fe II line list of Romaniello et al. (2008).
Table 3: Distances and radii according to the BW-analysis of the four selected Cepheids.
Table 4: Intrinsic parameters and iron abundances for the target Cepheids.
All Figures
Figure 1: From left to right J,H,K-band light curves for the four metal-rich selected Cepheids. In each panel, we also plot the intrinsic scatter () of the fit with a cubic spline (red line) and the luminosity amplitude. |
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
Figure 2: Radial velocity curves for the four selected Cepheids, measured by cross-correlating a line list (see text). The red asterisks display the radial velocities based on the high S/N spectra adopted for measuring the iron abundance. The amplitude and the mean radial velocity (km s-1) are labeled. |
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
Figure 3: High S/N spectra for the four selected Cepheids in a limited wavelength range (5930-6000 ). Vertical dashed and dotted lines mark Fe I and Fe II lines. In each panel is also plotted the S/N the of either individual (AV Sgr) or coadded spectra. |
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
Figure 4: From left to right: V340 Ara, UZ Sct, AV Sgr, and VY Sgr. For each star, the top panels show the linear-bisector fit to the angular diameter as a function of radial displacement. The bottom panels show the angular diameter against phase. Crosses indicate data-points not included in the fit. |
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
Figure 5: Top - Metallicity distribution of Galactic Cepheids. Bottom - Same as the top, but the metallicity distribution was smoothed using a Gaussian kernel with standard deviation equal to the metallicity uncertainty of individual Cepheids. The red line shows the Gaussian fit of the metallicity distribution. The mean and the are also labeled. |
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
Figure 6: Top - V-band amplitude versus period for a sample of 259 Galactic Cepheids. Triangles and circles display spectroscopic and photometric metallicities, respectively. Red and green dots mark metal-rich ( ) and metal-poor ( ) Cepheids, while the blue ones show Cepheids with iron abundances ranging from -0.04 to -0.02 dex. The selected metal-rich Cepheids are marked with a cross, while the pluses mark first overtone pulsators. Bottom - same as the top, but the vertical dashed line splits short- ( ) and long-period ( ) Cepheids. The fractions of metal-poor and metal-rich Cepheids are also labeled. |
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
Figure 7: Same as Fig. 6, but for the B-band amplitudes. |
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
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