New period-luminosity and period-color relations of classical Cepheids

III. Cepheids in SMC

¹ The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
² Department of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland e-mail: g-a.tammann@unibas.ch

Received: 9 July 2008
Accepted: 13 October 2008

Abstract

The photometric data for 460 classical, fundamental-mode Cepheids in the SMC with measured by Udalski et al. have been analyzed for their period-color (P-C) and period-luminosity (P-L) relations, and for the variation in amplitude across the instability strip in a similar way to what was done in Papers I and II of this series. The SMC Cepheids are bluer in at a given period than for both the Galaxy and the LMC. Their P-C relation in is best fit by two lines intersecting at days. Their break must necessarily exist also in the P-L relations in B and/or V, but it remains hidden in the magnitude scatter. An additional pronounced break of the P-L relations in B, V, and I occurs at days. The observed slope of the lines of constant period in the HR diagram agrees with the theoretical expectation from the pulsation equation. The largest amplitude Cepheids for periods less than 13 days occur near the blue edge of the instability strip. The sense is reversed in the period interval from 13 to 20 days, as in the Galaxy and the LMC. The SMC P-L relation is significantly flatter than that for the Galaxy, NGC 3351, NGC 4321, M31, all of which have nearly the same steep slope. The SMC P-L slope is intermediate between that of these steep slope cases and the very shallow slope of Cepheids in the lower metallicity galaxies of NGC 3109 and Sextans A/B, consistent with the premise that the Cepheid P-L relation varies from galaxy-to-galaxy as a function of metallicity. Failure to take the slope differences in the P-L relation into account as a function of metallicity using Cepheids as distance indicators results in incorrect Cepheid distances. Part of the 15% difference between our long distance scale – now independently supported by tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB) distances – and that of the HST Key Project short scale is due to the effect of using an inappropriate P-L relation.