A high-resolution X-ray view of the ultra-fast outflow in MAXI J1810−222

¹ INAF – IASF Palermo, Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, Italy
² Department of Physics, Ehime University, 2-5, Bunkyocho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
³ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
⁵ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE), CSIC, Campus UAB, Barcelona E-08193, Spain
⁶ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
⁷ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁸ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

^★ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Received: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 16 March 2026

Abstract

Context. The Galactic black hole candidate MAXI J1810−222 was recently reported to exhibit a notable absorption spectral feature at around 1 keV in low-resolution X-ray spectra from detectors resembling charge-coupled devices. The feature is typically correlated with the spectral state of the source being stronger in the soft states, as often occurs in the typical Fe K winds of X-ray binaries (XRBs). However, the results have hinted at rather extreme wind velocities of up to ∼0.1 c.

Aims. We requested and obtained an observation with XMM-Newton to take advantage of the ten-fold higher spectral resolution (R = λ/Δλ ∼ 200 − 400) provided by the RGS detector to resolve the lines and break the degeneracy between different models and interpretations.

Methods. We applied state-of-the-art models of plasma in photoionisation equilibrium and multi-phase interstellar medium (ISM). We performed further comparisons with a re-analysis of NICER and NuSTAR data.

Results. The XMM-Newton/RGS spectrum is consistent with the presence of a mildly relativistic wind, confirming the earlier indications obtained with NICER; however, it places tighter constraints on the outflow properties, with the lines being intrinsically broad. The data would then favour magnetically driven winds, although thermal effects might still contribute to mass loading. NuSTAR and XMM-Newton (EPIC) show a further hotter component, indicating a stratified or multi-phase outflow. Fe K spectra taken with calorimetric detectors (e.g. Resolve on XRISM) will enable a high-resolution view of the complex extreme outflow in this source and shed new light on outflow processes in XRBs.