Investigating the relation between the environment and internal structure of massive elliptical galaxies using strong lensing

¹ Copernicus Astronomical Memorial of SUST, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
² Department of Physics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
⁴ Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology, Qadirabad, Natore 6431, Bangladesh
⁵ Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁶ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁷ Center for Astronomy, Space Science and Astrophysics, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
⁸ Department of Mathematics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
⁹ Center for Computational & Data Sciences, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
¹⁰ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
¹¹ Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
¹² Department of Physical Science, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
¹³ Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
¹⁴ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh

^⋆⋆ Corresponding authors: rafee.adnan.21@gmail.com, sulymanhossainrobin@gmail.com

Received: 30 November 2024
Accepted: 11 April 2025

Abstract

Strong lensing by massive galaxies probes their mass distribution, thus providing a window for studying their internal structure, i.e., the distributions of luminous and dark matter. In this paper, we investigate the relation between the internal structure of massive elliptical galaxies and their environment using a sample of 15 strong lensing systems. We performed lens modeling for them using LENSTRONOMY and constrained the mass and light distributions of the deflector galaxies. We adopted the local galaxy density as a metric for the environment and tested our results against several alternative definitions of it. We robustly find that the centroid offset between the mass and light is not correlated with the local galaxy density. This result supports using centroid offsets as a probe of dark-matter theories, since the environment’s impact on these offsets can be treated as negligible. Although we find a moderate to strong correlation between the position angle offset and the standard definition of the local galaxy density, consistent with previous studies, the correlation becomes weaker for alternative definitions of the local galaxy density. This result weakens the support for interpreting the position angle misalignment as having originated from interaction with the environment. Furthermore, we find that the “residual shear” magnitude in the lens model to be uncorrelated with the local galaxy density, supporting the interpretation of the residual shear originating, in part, from the inadequacy in modeling the angular structure of the lensing galaxy and not solely from the structures present in the environment or along the line of sight.