Issue |
A&A
Volume 696, April 2025
|
|
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Article Number | A193 | |
Number of page(s) | 33 | |
Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452894 | |
Published online | 18 April 2025 |
A panchromatic view of N2CLS GOODS-N: The evolution of the dust cosmic density since z ∼ 7
1
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38400 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
2
Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), Marseille, France
3
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France
4
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
5
Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
6
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012 Granada, Spain
7
Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 25 Av. des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
8
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
9
Astronomy Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
10
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
11
Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
12
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
13
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), School of Astronomy, Tehran, Iran
14
Physics Department “Ettore Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
15
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
16
National Observatory of Athens, Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, Ioannou Metaxa and Vasileos Pavlou, GR-15236 Athens, Greece
17
Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy & Mechanics, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15784 Zografos, Athens, Greece
18
High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
19
LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC, 75014 Paris, France
20
Institute of Space Sciences (ICE), CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
21
ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
22
Joint ALMA Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, 763-0355 Santiago, Chile
23
European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla, 19001 Santiago de Chile, Chile
24
IRAP, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, UT3-UPS, Toulouse, France
25
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
26
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
27
Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
28
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 Bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
29
University of Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
30
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⋆ Corresponding author; berta@iram.fr
Received:
5
November
2024
Accepted:
27
February
2025
To understand early star formation, it is essential to determine the dust mass budget of high-redshift galaxies. Sub-millimeter rest-frame emission, dominated by cold dust, is an unbiased tracer of dust mass. The New IRAM KID Arrays 2 (NIKA2) conducted a deep blank field survey at 1.2 and 2.0 mm in the GOODS-N field as part of the NIKA2 Cosmological Legacy Survey (N2CLS), detecting 65 sources with S/N ≥ 4.2. Thanks to a dedicated interferometric program with NOEMA and other high-angular resolution data, we identified the multi-wavelength counterparts of these sources and resolved them into 71 individual galaxies. We built detailed spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and assigned a redshift to 68 of them over the range 0.6 < z < 7.2. We fit these SEDs using modified blackbody and Draine & Li (2007, ApJ, 657, 810) models and the panchromatic approaches MAGPHYS, CIGALE, and SED3FIT, thus deriving their dust mass (Mdust), infrared luminosity (LIR), and stellar mass (M⋆). Eight galaxies require an active galactic nucleus torus component, and another six require an unextinguished young stellar population. A significant fraction of our galaxies are classified as starbursts based on their position on the M⋆ versus star formation rate plane or their depletion timescales. We computed the dust mass function in three redshift bins (1.6 < z ≤ 2.4, 2.4 < z ≤ 4.2 and 4.2 < z ≤ 7.2) and determined the Schechter function that best describes it. The dust cosmic density, ρdust, increases by at least an order of magnitude from z ∼ 7 to z ∼ 1.5, as predicted by theoretical works. At lower redshifts, the evolution flattens. Nonetheless, significant differences exist between results obtained with different selections and methods. The superb GOODS-N data set enabled a systematic investigation into the dust properties of distant galaxies. N2CLS holds promise for combining these deep field findings with the wide COSMOS field into a self-consistent analysis of dust in galaxies both near and far.
Key words: evolution / galaxies: evolution / galaxies: high-redshift / galaxies: luminosity function / mass function / galaxies: statistics / submillimeter: galaxies
© The Authors 2025
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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