Euclid preparation

LXV. Determining the weak lensing mass accuracy and precision for galaxy clusters

¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
² INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴ INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁵ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁷ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
⁸ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
¹⁰ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
¹¹ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
¹² Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
¹³ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
¹⁴ INFN Section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
¹⁵ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁶ Zentrum für Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁷ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
¹⁸ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
¹⁹ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
²⁰ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
²¹ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
²² SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy
²³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
²⁴ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
²⁵ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
²⁶ Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
²⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
²⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁰ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
³¹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal
³² Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
³⁴ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
³⁵ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
³⁶ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
³⁷ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
³⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
³⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴¹ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁴² Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁴³ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁴⁴ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
⁴⁵ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴⁶ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁴⁷ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
⁴⁸ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁴⁹ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁵⁰ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁵¹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁵² Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁵³ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁵⁴ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁵⁵ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵⁶ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
⁵⁷ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁵⁸ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁵⁹ FRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231 Las Rozas de Madrid, Spain
⁶⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁶¹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁶² Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁶³ Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany
⁶⁴ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
⁶⁵ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
⁶⁶ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁷ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁶⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁶⁹ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
⁷⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁷¹ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁷² Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁷³ Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁷⁴ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁷⁵ NOVA Optical Infrared Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁷⁶ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁷⁷ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁷⁸ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁷⁹ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁸⁰ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁸¹ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
⁸² Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸³ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁸⁴ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
⁸⁵ DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁶ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁸⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁸⁸ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁸⁹ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁹⁰ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
⁹¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁹² Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
⁹³ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
⁹⁴ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld, 48940 Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
⁹⁵ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
⁹⁶ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁹⁷ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁹⁸ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
⁹⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
¹⁰⁰ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹⁰¹ Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA), Loc. Lignan 39, I-11020 Nus, (Aosta Valley), Italy
¹⁰² ICL, Junia, Université Catholique de Lille, LITL, 59000 Lille, France
¹⁰³ ICSC – Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
¹⁰⁴ Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
¹⁰⁵ CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
¹⁰⁶ Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
¹⁰⁷ INFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
¹⁰⁸ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
¹⁰⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹¹⁰ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹¹¹ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
¹¹² Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
¹¹³ Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
¹¹⁴ Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹¹⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
¹¹⁶ Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
¹¹⁷ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands
¹¹⁸ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
¹¹⁹ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
¹²⁰ Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada
¹²¹ Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
¹²² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC); Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹²³ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique Spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
¹²⁴ Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
¹²⁵ CEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d’Astrophysique, Bât. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
¹²⁶ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
¹²⁷ Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400 Espoo FI-00 076, Finland
¹²⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, c/ Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna E-38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofísica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna E-38200, Spain
¹²⁹ Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
¹³⁰ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
¹³¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
¹³² Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹³³ ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
¹³⁴ Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
¹³⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
¹³⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
¹³⁷ ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
¹³⁸ IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹³⁹ Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
¹⁴⁰ Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
¹⁴¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
¹⁴² Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹⁴³ Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹⁴⁴ Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹⁴⁵ HE Space for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹⁴⁶ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
¹⁴⁷ Department of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁴⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
¹⁴⁹ Theoretical Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
¹⁵⁰ Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, TW20 0EX London, UK
¹⁵¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
¹⁵² Department of Astrophysical Science, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
¹⁵³ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁵⁴ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
¹⁵⁵ Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
¹⁵⁶ Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010 New York, NY, USA

^⋆ Corresponding author; lorenzo.ingoglia@inaf.it

Received: 5 September 2024
Accepted: 16 December 2024

Abstract

The ability to measure unbiased weak-lensing (WL) masses is a key ingredient to exploit galaxy clusters as a competitive cosmological probe with the ESA Euclid survey or future missions. We investigate the level of accuracy and precision of cluster masses measured with the Euclid data processing pipeline. We use the DEMNUni-Cov N-body simulations to assess how well the WL mass probes the true halo mass, and, then, how well WL masses can be recovered in the presence of measurement uncertainties. We consider different halo mass density models, priors, and mass point estimates, that is the biweight, mean, and median of the marginalised posterior distribution and the maximum likelihood parameter. WL mass differs from true mass due to, for example, the intrinsic ellipticity of sources, correlated or uncorrelated matter and large-scale structure, halo triaxiality and orientation, and merging or irregular morphology. In an ideal scenario without observational or measurement errors, the maximum likelihood estimator is the most accurate, with WL masses biased low by ⟨b_M⟩= − 14.6 ± 1.7% on average over the full range M_200c > 5 × 10¹³ M_⊙ and z < 1. Due to the stabilising effect of the prior, the biweight, mean, and median estimates are more precise, that is with smaller intrinsic scatter. The scatter decreases with increasing mass and informative priors can significantly reduce the scatter. Halo mass density profiles with a truncation provide better fits to the lensing signal, while the accuracy and precision are not significantly affected. We further investigate the impact of various additional sources of systematic uncertainty on the WL mass estimates, namely the impact of photometric redshift uncertainties and source selection, the expected performance of Euclid cluster detection algorithms, and the presence of masks. Taken in isolation, we find that the largest effect is induced by non-conservative source selection with ⟨b_M⟩= − 33.4 ± 1.6%. This effect can be mostly removed with a robust selection. As a final Euclid-like test, we combine systematic effects in a realistic observational setting and find ⟨b_M⟩= − 15.5 ± 2.4% under a robust selection. This is very similar to the ideal case, though with a slightly larger scatter mostly due to cluster redshift uncertainty and miscentering.