Dark energy reconstructions combining baryonic acoustic oscillation data with galaxy clusters and intermediate-redshift catalogs

¹ Università di Camerino, Divisione di Fisica, Via Madonna delle carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
² SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 13502 Utica, New York, USA
³ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Milano, Italy
⁴ INFN, Sezione di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
⁵ Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
⁶ Institute of Nuclear Physics, Ibragimova, 1, 050032 Almaty, Kazakhstan
⁷ ICRANet, Piazza della Repubblica 10, Pescara 65122, Italy

^⋆ Corresponding authors; orlando.luongo@unicam.it, marco.muccino@lnf.infn.it

Received: 12 November 2024
Accepted: 2 December 2024

Abstract

Context. Cosmological parameters and dark energy (DE) behavior are generally constrained assuming a priori models.

Aims. We work out a model-independent reconstruction to bind the key cosmological quantities and the DE evolution.

Methods. Through the model-independent Bézier interpolation method, we reconstructed the Hubble rate from the observational Hubble data and derived analytic expressions for the distances of galaxy clusters, type Ia supernovae, and uncorrelated baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) data. In view of the discrepancy between Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) BAO data, they were kept separate in two distinct analyses. Correlated BAO data were employed to break the baryonic–dark matter degeneracy. All these interpolations enable us to single out and reconstruct the DE behavior with the redshift z in a totally model-independent way.

Results. In both analyses, with SDSS-BAO or DESI-BAO datasets, the constraints agree at a 1–σ confidence level (CL) with the flat ΛCDM model. The Hubble constant tension appears solved in favor of the Planck satellite value. The reconstructed DE behavior exhibits deviations at small z (> 1–σ CL), but agrees (< 1–σ CL) with the cosmological constant paradigm at larger z.

Conclusions. Our method hints at a slowly evolving DE, consistent with a cosmological constant at early times.