Issue |
A&A
Volume 693, January 2025
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A228 | |
Number of page(s) | 28 | |
Section | Galactic structure, stellar clusters and populations | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452527 | |
Published online | 21 January 2025 |
CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs
IX. Multiplicity from close spectroscopic binaries to ultra-wide systems
1
Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA,
Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, Campus European Space Astronomy Centre,
28692
Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid,
Spain
2
Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica & IPARCOS-UCM (Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos de la UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
28040
Madrid,
Spain
3
UNIE Universidad, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología,
Arapiles 14,
28015
Madrid,
Spain
4
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC),
Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n,
18008
Granada,
Spain
5
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias,
Vía Láctea s/n,
38205
San Cristóbal de La Laguna,
Tenerife,
Spain
6
Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna,
Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n,
38206
La Laguna,
Tenerife,
Spain
7
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California,
San Diego,
9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla,
CA
92093,
USA
8
Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg,
Königstuhl 12,
69117
Heidelberg,
Germany
9
Institut für Astrophysik und Geophysik, Georg-August-Universität-Göttingen,
Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1,
37077
Göttingen,
Germany
10
Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC-IEEC),
Can Magrans s/n, Campus UAB,
08193
Bellaterra, Barcelona,
Spain
11
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC),
08034
Barcelona,
Spain
★ Corresponding author; ccifuentes@cab.inta-csic.es
Received:
8
October
2024
Accepted:
28
November
2024
Context. Multiplicity studies greatly benefit from focusing on M dwarfs because they are often paired in a variety of configurations with both stellar and substellar objects, including exoplanets.
Aims. We aim to address the observed multiplicity of M dwarfs by conducting a systematic analysis using the latest available astropho-tometric data.
Methods. For every star in a sample of 2214 M dwarfs from the CARMENES catalogue, we investigated the existence of resolved and unresolved physical companions in the literature and in all-sky surveys, especially in Gaia DR3 data products. We covered a very wide range of separations, from known spectroscopic binaries in tight arrangements (~0.01 au) to remarkably separated ultra-wide pairs (~105 au).
Results. We identified 835 M dwarfs in 720 multiple systems, predominantly binaries. Thus, we propose 327 new binary candidates based on Gaia data. If these candidates are finally confirmed, we expect the multiplicity fraction of M dwarfs to be 40.3−2.0+2.1%. When only considering the systems already identified, the multiplicity fraction is reduced to 27.8−1.8+1.9%. This result is in line with most of the values published in the literature. We also identified M-dwarf multiple systems with FGK, white dwarf, ultra-cool dwarf, and exoplanet companions, as well as those in young stellar kinematic groups. We studied their physical separations, orbital periods, binding energies, and mass ratios.
Conclusions. We argue that based on reliable astrometric data and spectroscopic investigations from the literature (even when considering detection biases), the multiplicity fraction of M dwarfs could still be significantly underestimated. This calls for further high-resolution follow-up studies to validate these findings.
Key words: astronomical databases: miscellaneous / virtual observatory tools / binaries: general / stars: late-type
© The Authors 2025
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article is published in open access under the Subscribe to Open model. Subscribe to A&A to support open access publication.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.