Supernova shocks cannot explain the inflated state of hypervelocity runaways from white dwarf binaries

¹ Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Haus 28, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
² Dr Karl Remeis-Observatory & ECAP, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Sternwartstr. 7, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
³ Max Planck Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
⁴ Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
⁵ Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Astrophysics Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
⁶ Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, Austria
⁷ Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
⁹ Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824, USA

^⋆ Corresponding author; aakashbhat7@gmail.com

Received: 3 July 2024
Accepted: 4 November 2024

Abstract

Recent observations have found a growing number of hypervelocity stars with speeds of ≈1500 − 2500 km s⁻¹ that could have only been produced through thermonuclear supernovae in white dwarf binaries. Most of the observed hypervelocity runaways in this class display a surprising inflated structure: their current radii are roughly an order of magnitude greater than they would have been as white dwarfs filling their Roche lobe. While many simulations exist studying the dynamical phase leading to supernova detonation in these systems, no detailed calculations of the long-term structure of the runaways have yet been performed. We used an existing AREPO hydrodynamical simulation of a supernova in a white dwarf binary as a starting point for the evolution of these stars with the one-dimensional stellar evolution code MESA. We show that the supernova shock is not energetic enough to inflate the white dwarf over timescales longer than a few thousand years, significantly shorter than the 10^5 − 6 year lifetimes inferred for observed hypervelocity runaways. Although they experience a shock from a supernova less than ≈0.02 R_⊙ away, our models do not experience significant interior heating, and all contract back to radii of around 0.01 R_⊙ within about 10⁴ years. Explaining the observed inflated states requires either an additional source of significant heating or some other physics that is not yet accounted for in the subsequent evolution.