Comprehensive analysis of the Apertif fast radio burst sample

Similarities with young energetic neutron stars

¹ ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
² Anton Pannekoek Institute, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
³ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁴ Cahill Center for Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
⁵ National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra, India
⁶ Netherlands eScience Center, Science Park 402, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁷ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁸ Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92 Onsala, Sweden

^⋆⋆ Corresponding author; ines.pastor.marazuela@gmail.com

Received: 31 May 2024
Accepted: 30 October 2024

Abstract

Understanding the origin of energetic fast radio bursts (FRBs) has become the main science driver of recent dedicated FRB surveys powered by real-time instrumentation. Between July 2019 and February 2022, we carried out ALERT, an FRB survey at 1370 MHz using the Apertif Radio Transient System (ARTS) installed at the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). Here we report the detection of 18 new FRBs. We studied the properties of the entire 24-burst sample that were detected during the survey. For five bursts, we identified host galaxy candidates within their error regions with > 50% probability association. We observed an average linear polarisation fraction of ∼43% and an average circular polarisation fraction consistent with 0%. One-third of the FRBs display multiple components. These burst structures and the polarisation fractions are strikingly similar to those observed in young energetic pulsars and magnetars. The Apertif FRBs next reveal a population of highly scattered bursts. Given the observing frequency and time resolution, the scattering of most FRBs is likely to have been produced in the immediate circumburst environment. Furthermore, two FRBs show evidence of high rotation measure values, which could reach |RM|> 10³ rad m⁻² in the source reference frames. This corroborates that some source environments are dominated by magneto-ionic effects. Together, the scattering and rotation measures that ALERT has found prove that a large fraction of FRBs are embedded in complex media such as star-forming regions or supernova remnants. Through the discovery of FRB 20200719A, the third most dispersed FRB so far, we further show that one-off FRBs emit at frequencies in excess of 6 GHz, the highest known to date. We compare this to the radio-bright high-frequency emission seen in magnetars. Finally, we determine an FRB all-sky rate of 459₋₁₅₅⁺²⁰⁸ sky⁻¹ day⁻¹ above a fluence limit of 4.1 Jy ms, and a fluence cumulative distribution with a power-law index γ = −1.23 ± 0.06 ± 0.2, which is roughly consistent with the Euclidean Universe predictions. Through the high resolution in time, frequency, polarisation, and localisation that ALERT featured, we were able to determine the morphological complexity, polarisation, local scattering and magnetic environment, and high-frequency luminosity of FRBs. We find all of these parameters strongly resemble those seen in young, energetic, highly magnetised neutron stars.