The Gaia-ESO survey: New spectroscopic binaries in the Milky Way

¹ Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP. 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
² INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
³ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁴ Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
⁵ Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
⁶ INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁷ Center of Excellence for Astrophysics in Three Dimensions (ASTRO-3D), Australia
⁸ School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
¹⁰ Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESAC Campus, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
¹¹ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
¹² School of Physical and Chemical Sciences – Te Kura Matū, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand

^★ Corresponding author; mathieu.van+der+swaelmen@inaf.it

Received: 6 June 2023
Accepted: 5 October 2023

Abstract

Context. The Gaia-ESO survey (GES) is a large public spectroscopic survey that acquired spectra for more than 100 000 stars across all major components of the Milky Way. In addition to atmospheric parameters and stellar abundances that have been derived in previous papers of this series, the GES spectra allow us to detect spectroscopic binaries with one (SB1), two (SB2), or more (SBn ≥ 3) components.

Aims. The present paper discusses the statistics of GES SBn ≥ 2 after analysing 160 727 GIRAFFE HR10 and HR21 spectra, amounting to 37 565 unique Milky Way field targets.

Methods. Cross-correlation functions (CCFs) have been re-computed thanks to a dozen spectral masks probing a range of effective temperatures (3900 K < T_eff < 8000 K), surface gravities (1.0 < log g < 4.7), and metallicities (−2.6 < [Fe/H] < 0.3). By optimising the mask choice for a given spectrum, the newly computed, so-called NACRE (NArrow CRoss-correlation Experiment) CCFs are narrower and allow more stellar components to be unblended than standard masks. The DOE (Detection Of Extrema) extremum-finding code then selects the individual components and provides their radial velocities.

Results. From the sample of HR10 and HR21 spectra corresponding to 37 565 objects, the present study leads to the detection of 322 SB2, ten SB3 (three of them being tentative), and two tentative SB4. In particular, compared to our previous study, the NACRE CCFs allowed us to multiply the number of SB2 candidates by ≈1.5. The colour-magnitude diagram reveals, as expected, the shifted location of the SB2 main sequence. A comparison between the SB identified in Gaia DR3 and the ones detected in the present work was performed and the complementarity of the two censuses is discussed. An application to the mass-ratio determination is presented, and the mass-ratio distribution of the GES SB2 is discussed. When accounting for the SB2 detection rate, an SB2 frequency of ≈1.4 % is derived within the present stellar sample of mainly FGK-type stars.

Conclusions. As primary outliers identified within the GES data, SBn spectra produce a wealth of information and useful constraints for the binary population synthesis studies.