Euclid: The r_b−M_* relation as a function of redshift

I. The 5 × 10⁹ M_⊙ black hole in NGC 1272^⋆

¹ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
² Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
³ Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
⁵ IFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
⁶ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁷ INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
⁸ SISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy
⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁰ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹¹ INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
¹² INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy
¹³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
¹⁴ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
¹⁵ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
¹⁶ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
¹⁷ INFN Section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
¹⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹⁹ Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal
²⁰ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
²¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
²² INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
²³ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
²⁴ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
²⁵ Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
²⁶ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
²⁷ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
²⁸ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
³⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
³¹ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
³² Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
³³ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
³⁴ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³⁵ Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
³⁶ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
³⁷ Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
³⁸ Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
³⁹ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 Rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁴⁰ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁴¹ Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴² Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁴³ INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁴⁴ INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
⁴⁵ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁴⁶ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁴⁷ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
⁴⁸ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁵⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵¹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁵² Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
⁵³ Felix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany
⁵⁴ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁵⁵ Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Denmark
⁵⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁵⁷ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
⁵⁸ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁵⁹ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁶⁰ Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁶¹ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁶² NOVA Optical Infrared Instrumentation Group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁶³ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 Avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁶⁴ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶⁵ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁶⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁶⁷ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, UK
⁶⁸ University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
⁶⁹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 Bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷¹ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
⁷² School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
⁷³ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁷⁴ School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Herschel Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
⁷⁵ DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁷⁶ Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷⁸ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁷⁹ Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales – Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁸⁰ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
⁸¹ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁸² Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Serrano 117, 28006 Madrid, Spain
⁸³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁸⁴ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁸⁵ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁸⁶ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
⁸⁷ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
⁸⁸ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁸⁹ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici RDIT, Campus UPC, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
⁹⁰ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
⁹¹ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁹² Centre for Electronic Imaging, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
⁹³ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
⁹⁴ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁹⁵ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁹⁶ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
⁹⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁹⁸ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁹⁹ Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
¹⁰⁰ NRC Herzberg, 5071 West Saanich Rd, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
¹⁰¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
¹⁰² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
¹⁰³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

^⋆⋆ Corresponding author; saglia@mpe.mpg.de

Received: 9 October 2024
Accepted: 25 October 2024

Abstract

Core ellipticals, which are massive early-type galaxies with almost constant inner surface brightness profiles, are the result of dry mergers. During these events, a binary black hole (BBH) is formed, destroying the original cuspy central regions of the merging objects and scattering stars that are not on tangential orbits. The size of the emerging core correlates with the mass of the finally merged black hole (BH). Therefore, the determination of the size of the core of massive early-type galaxies provides key insights not only into the mass of the black hole, but also into the origin and evolution of these objects. In this work, we report the first Euclid-based dynamical mass determination of a supermassive black hole (SMBH). To this end, we study the center of NGC 1272, the second most luminous elliptical galaxy in the Perseus cluster, combining the Euclid Visible Camera (VIS) photometry coming from the Early Release Observations (EROs) of the Perseus cluster with the Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS) spectroscopic observations at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET). The core of NGC 1272 is detected on the Euclid VIS image. Its size is 1.​​″29 ± 0.​​″07 or 0.45 kpc, which was determined by fitting PSF-convolved core-Sérsic and Nuker-law functions. We deproject the surface brightness profile of the galaxy, finding that the galaxy is axisymmetric and nearly spherical. The two-dimensional stellar kinematics of the galaxy is measured from the VIRUS spectra by deriving optimally regularized non-parametric line-of-sight velocity distributions. Dynamical models of the galaxy are constructed using our axisymmetric and triaxial Schwarzschild codes. We measure a BH mass of (5 ± 3)×10⁹ M_⊙, which is in line with the expectation from the M_BH − r_b correlation, but is eight times larger than predicted by the M_BH − σ correlation (at 1.8σ significance). The core size, rather than the velocity dispersion, allows one to select galaxies harboring the most massive BHs. The spatial resolution, wide area coverage, and depth of the Euclid (Wide and Deep) surveys allow us to find cores of passive galaxies that are larger than 2 kpc at a redshift of up to 1.