PRODIGE – envelope to disk with NOEMA

IV. An infalling gas bridge surrounding two Class 0/I systems in L1448N

¹ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Gießenbachstraße 1, 85749 Garching bei München, Germany
² Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
³ Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin d’Hères, France
⁴ IPAG, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁵ Centre for Star and Planet Formation, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁷ SKA Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Lower Withington, Macclesfield SK11 9FT, UK
⁸ Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Ctra.deTorrejón a Ajalvir km 4, 28806, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain

^★ Corresponding author; gieser@mpe.mpg.de

Received: 8 May 2024
Accepted: 26 October 2024

Abstract

Context. The formation of stars has been subject to extensive studies in the past decades on scales from molecular clouds to proto-planetary disks. It is still not fully understood how the surrounding material in a protostellar system, which often shows asymmetric structures with complex kinematic properties, feeds the central protostar(s) and their disk(s).

Aims. We study the spatial morphology and kinematic properties of the molecular gas surrounding the IRS3A and IRS3B protostellar systems in the L1448N region located in the Perseus molecular cloud.

Methods. We present 1 mm Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) observations of the large program PROtostars & DIsks: Global Evolution (PRODIGE). We analyzed the kinematic properties of molecular lines. Because the spectral profiles are complex, the lines were fit with up to three Gaussian velocity components. The clustering algorithm called density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) was used to disentangle the velocity components in the underlying physical structure.

Results. We discover an extended gas bridge (≈3000 au) surrounding both the IRS3A and IRS3B systems in six molecular line tracers (C¹⁸O, SO, DCN, H₂CO, HC₃N, and CH₃OH). This gas bridge is oriented in the northeast-southwest direction and shows clear velocity gradients on the order of 100 km s⁻¹ pc⁻¹ toward the IRS3A system. We find that the observed velocity profile is consistent with analytical streamline models of gravitational infall toward IRS3A. The high-velocity C¹⁸O (2-1) emission toward IRS3A indicates a protostellar mass of ≈1.2 M_⊙.

Conclusions. While high angular resolution continuum data often show IRS3A and IRS3B in isolation, molecular gas observations reveal that these systems are still embedded within a large-scale mass reservoir, whose spatial morphology and velocity profiles are complex. The kinematic properties of the extended gas bridge are consistent with gravitational infall toward the protostar IRS3A.