Linear polarization study of open clusters in the anticenter direction: Signature of the spiral arms

¹ Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
² Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009 Gujarat, India
³ Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382355 Gujarat, India
⁴ Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
⁵ Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Manora Peak, Nainital 263002, India

^★ Corresponding author; namita@ia.forth.gr

Received: 8 February 2024
Accepted: 4 August 2024

Abstract

Aims. Our objective is to investigate the distribution of dust and associated large-scale structures of the Galaxy using optical linear polarization measurements of various open clusters located at different distances in the Galactic anticenter direction.

Methods. We present R-band linear polarization observations of stars toward five open clusters: Kronberger 1, Berkeley 69, Berkeley 71, Berkeley 19, and King 8 in the anticenter direction. The polarization observations were carried out using the ARIES (Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences) IMaging POLarimeter mounted on the 104 cm Sampurnanand telescope of ARIES, Nainital, making it the first study to target the polarization observations toward distant clusters (~6 kpc). We combined the observed polarization data with the distance information from the Gaia space telescope to infer the dust distribution along the line of sight.

Results. The variation in the degree of polarization and extinction with distance reveals multiple dust layers in each cluster direction. In addition, common foreground-dust layers detected toward different cluster directions highlight global features such as spiral arms. Our results show that the dust clouds at 2 kpc toward Berkeley 69 and Berkeley 71 coincide with the Perseus arm, while the dust layer at ~4 kpc toward the distant clusters Berkeley 19 and King 8 indicates the presence of the Outer arm. The large-scale dust distribution obtained by combining our polarization results with previous polarization studies of nearby open clusters suggests that the anticenter direction is characterized by a low-extinction homogeneous dust distribution with a somewhat uniform orientation of the plane-of-sky component of the magnetic field along the line of sight.

Conclusions. Our study demonstrates that polarization is useful as a tool for studying the large-scale dust distribution and structural features where kinematic distance methods are inadequate and cannot provide accurate distances to the dust clouds. The global dust distribution in the anticenter direction shows signatures of the intervening spiral arms.