Issue |
A&A
Volume 689, September 2024
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A265 | |
Number of page(s) | 11 | |
Section | Stellar structure and evolution | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450986 | |
Published online | 20 September 2024 |
New numerical models of atomic diffusion in the atmospheres of cool Ap stars, including ambipolar diffusion of hydrogen
1
LUTH, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92190 Meudon, France
2
Kuffner-Sternwarte, Johann Staud-Strasse 10, A-1160 Wien, Austria
Received:
4
June
2024
Accepted:
12
July
2024
Context. Ambipolar diffusion of hydrogen gives an additional upward thrust to metals that diffuse in the atmosphere of Ap stars. Its quantitative effect on the build-up of abundance stratification due to atomic diffusion that produces the observed abundance anomalies in Ap stars has not been evaluated so far.
Aims. The purpose of this work is to quantify this effect throughout the stratification process of metals inside the atmosphere.
Methods. We used our code CARATMOTION to compute the time-dependent atomic diffusion of four metals (Mg, Ca, Si, and Fe) in the atmosphere of a main-sequence star with an effective temperature of 8500 K, which is a typical temperature of Ap stars. The results, including ambipolar diffusion of H, are compared to results obtained without this process.
Results. Our main result is that ambipolar diffusion must be included in any calculation of atomic diffusion in Ap star atmospheres, at least for stars with Teff ≲ 10 000 K. We show that this concerns all metals, even those that are well supported by the radiation field, such as Fe. The crucial role of the stellar mass-loss rate is confirmed; it remains a determining parameter that is constrained, but still free in our calculations. We also present 3D calculations of Ca distributions in magnetic atmospheres. Questioning the interest of systematic searches for stationary solutions (which can often only be reached after a long evolutionary process), we note that remarkable behaviour can occur during the transient phases of the stratification build-up.
Key words: atomic processes / diffusion / stars: abundances / stars: atmospheres / stars: chemically peculiar / stars: mass-loss
© The Authors 2024
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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