The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey

Dark Energy Survey year 3 weak gravitational lensing by eRASS1 selected galaxy clusters

¹ Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
e-mail: sebastian.grandis@uibk.ac.at
² Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
³ Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁴ Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AIfA), Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁵ Linköpings Universitet, Institutionen för Systemteknik, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, 581 83 Sweden
⁶ Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA UK
⁷ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA UK
⁸ Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706 USA
⁹ Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439 USA
¹⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
¹¹ Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15312 USA
¹² Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹³ Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia – LIneA, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20921-400 Brazil
¹⁴ Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁵ Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, 1205 West Clark St., Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
¹⁶ Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801 USA
¹⁷ Physics Department, William Jewell College, Liberty, MO, 64068 USA
¹⁸ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
¹⁹ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637 USA
²⁰ Department of Physics, Duke University Durham, Durham, NC, 27708 USA
²¹ Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
²² NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD, 20771 USA
²³ IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse, France
²⁴ Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
²⁵ School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
²⁶ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
²⁷ Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, PO Box 500 Batavia, IL, 60510 USA
²⁸ NSF AI Planning Institute for Physics of the Future, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA
²⁹ Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France
³⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada
³¹ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109 USA
³² SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025 USA
³³ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
³⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Pevensey Building, Brighton, BN1 9QH UK
³⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA UK
³⁶ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
³⁷ Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology, Stanford University, PO Box 2450 Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
³⁸ Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0WA UK
³⁹ Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
⁴⁰ Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil
⁴¹ Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
⁴² Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
⁴³ Core Research for Energetic Universe, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
⁴⁴ Department of Physics, University of Genova and INFN, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
⁴⁵ Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
⁴⁶ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
⁴⁷ Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg 510, Upton, NY, 11973 USA
⁴⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794 USA
⁴⁹ Département de Physique Théorique and Center for Astroparticle Physics (CAP), University of Geneva, 24 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
⁵⁰ Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁵¹ Department of Physics, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725 USA
⁵² McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA
⁵³ Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA
⁵⁴ Astronomy Unit, Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁵⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁵⁶ Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34014 Trieste, Italy
⁵⁷ Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA
⁵⁸ Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831 USA
⁵⁹ Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
⁶⁰ Department of Physics, IIT Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285 India
⁶¹ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
⁶² Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029 Blindern 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁶³ Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
⁶⁴ Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210 USA
⁶⁵ Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138 USA
⁶⁶ George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843 USA
⁶⁷ Observatório Nacional, Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20921-400 Brazil
⁶⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK

Received: 15 November 2023
Accepted: 27 March 2024

Abstract

Context. Number counts of galaxy clusters across redshift are a powerful cosmological probe if a precise and accurate reconstruction of the underlying mass distribution is performed – a challenge called mass calibration. With the advent of wide and deep photometric surveys, weak gravitational lensing (WL) by clusters has become the method of choice for this measurement.

Aims. We measured and validated the WL signature in the shape of galaxies observed in the first three years of the Dark Energy Survey (DES Y3) caused by galaxy clusters and groups selected in the first all-sky survey performed by SRG (Spectrum Roentgen Gamma)/eROSITA (eRASS1). These data were then used to determine the scaling between the X-ray photon count rate of the clusters and their halo mass and redshift.

Methods. We empirically determined the degree of cluster member contamination in our background source sample. The individual cluster shear profiles were then analyzed with a Bayesian population model that self-consistently accounts for the lens sample selection and contamination and includes marginalization over a host of instrumental and astrophysical systematics. To quantify the accuracy of the mass extraction of that model, we performed mass measurements on mock cluster catalogs with realistic synthetic shear profiles. This allowed us to establish that hydrodynamical modeling uncertainties at low lens redshifts (z < 0.6) are the dominant systematic limitation. At high lens redshift, the uncertainties of the sources’ photometric redshift calibration dominate.

Results. With regard to the X-ray count rate to halo mass relation, we determined its amplitude, its mass trend, the redshift evolution of the mass trend, the deviation from self-similar redshift evolution, and the intrinsic scatter around this relation.

Conclusions. The mass calibration analysis performed here sets the stage for a joint analysis with the number counts of eRASS1 clusters to constrain a host of cosmological parameters. We demonstrate that WL mass calibration of galaxy clusters can be performed successfully with source galaxies whose calibration was performed primarily for cosmic shear experiments, opening the way for the cluster cosmological exploitation of future optical and NIR surveys like Euclid and LSST.