Obscuration in high-redshift jetted quasi-stellar objects

¹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20121 Milan, Italy
e-mail: alessandro.caccianiga@inaf.it
² DiSAT, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
³ International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
⁴ Max Planck Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁵ INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, Via Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁶ Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Ranzani 1, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁷ INAF – Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸ Dept. of Physics & Astronomy and Dept. of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
⁹ Centro de Física da UC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal

Received: 10 November 2023
Accepted: 30 January 2024

Abstract

Context. Obscuration in high-redshift quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) has a profound impact on our understanding of the evolution of supermassive black holes across cosmic time. An accurate quantification of its relevance is therefore mandatory.

Aims. We present a study aimed at evaluating the importance of obscuration in high-redshift jetted QSOs, that is, active nuclei characterised by the presence of powerful relativistic jets.

Methods. We compared the observed number of radio-detected QSOs at different radio flux density limits with the value predicted by the beaming model on the basis of the number of oriented sources (blazars). Any significant deficit between observations and predictions of radio-detected QSOs can be caused by the presence of obscuration along large angles from the jet direction. We applied this approach to two sizeable samples characterised by the same optical limit (mag = 21) but with significantly different radio density limits (30 mJy and 1 mJy, respectively) and containing a total of 87 independent radio-loud 4 ≤ z ≤ 6.8 QSOs, 31 of which are classified as blazars.

Results. We found generally good agreement between the numbers predicted by the model and those actually observed, with only a marginal discrepancy at ∼0.5 mJy that could be caused by the sample’s lack of completeness. We concluded that we have no evidence of obscuration within angles 10–20° from the relativistic jet direction. We also discuss how the ongoing deep wide-angle radio surveys will be instrumental to testing the presence of obscuration at much larger angles, up to 30–35°. Finally, we suggest that, depending on the actual fraction of obscured QSOs, relativistic jets could be much more common at high redshifts compared to what is usually observed in the local Universe.