High turbulence in the IM Lup protoplanetary disk

Direct observational constraints from CN and C₂H emission

¹ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
e-mail: tpaneque@eso.org
² Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
³ Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
⁴ Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 323 West Hall, 1085 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
⁵ National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Gießenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany

Received: 18 August 2023
Accepted: 29 December 2023

Abstract

Context. Constraining turbulence in disks is key to understanding their evolution via the transport of angular momentum. Measurements of high turbulence remain elusive, and methods for estimating turbulence mostly rely on complex radiative transfer models of the data. Using the disk emission from IM Lup, a source proposed to be undergoing magneto-rotational instabilities (MRIs) and to possibly have high turbulence values in the upper disk layers, we present a new way of directly measuring turbulence without the need of radiative transfer or thermochemical models.

Aims. Through the characterization of the CN and C₂H emission in IM Lup, we aim to connect the information on the vertical and thermal structure of a particular disk region to derive the turbulence at that location. By using an optically thin tracer, it is possible to directly measure turbulence from the nonthermal broadening of the line.

Methods. The vertical layers of the CN and C₂H emission were traced directly from the channel maps using ALFAHOR. By comparing their position to that of optically thick CO observations, we were able to characterize the kinetic temperature of the emitting region. Using a simple parametric model of the line intensity with DISCMINER, we accurately measured the emission linewidth and separated the thermal and nonthermal components. Assuming that the nonthermal component is fully turbulent, we were able to directly estimate the turbulent motions at the studied radial and vertical location of CN emission.

Results. IM Lup shows a high turbulence of Mach 0.4–0.6 at z/r ~ 0.25. Considering previous estimates of low turbulence near the midplane, this may indicate a vertical gradient in the disk turbulence, which is a key prediction in MRI studies. CN and C2H are both emitting from a localized upper disk region at z/r = 0.2–0.3, in agreement with thermochemical models.