| Issue |
A&A
Volume 678, October 2023
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Article Number | A122 | |
| Number of page(s) | 14 | |
| Section | Cosmology (including clusters of galaxies) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347191 | |
| Published online | 12 October 2023 | |
Investigating the outskirts of Abell 133 with Suzaku and Chandra observations⋆
1
SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: Z.Zhu@sron.nl
2
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
3
Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlárská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
4
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8583
Japan
Received:
14
June
2023
Accepted:
1
August
2023
Context. Past observations and simulations have predicted an increasingly inhomogeneous gas distribution towards the outskirts of galaxy clusters. However, the exact properties of such gas clumping are not yet well known. The outskirts of Abell 133 can benefit from deep X-ray observations, with a 2.4 Ms ultra-deep Chandra exposure, as well as eight archival Suzaku pointings, making it a unique laboratory for studying the clumping of the intracluster medium (ICM).
Aims. We searched for significant clump candidates with the specific aim of identifying ones that could represent genuine ICM inhomogeneity. To further understand how clumping biases the thermodynamic profiles, we compared the measurements including and excluding the clump candidates.
Methods. We jointly analyzed Chandra and Suzaku observations of Abell 133. We selected clump candidates with at least 2σ significance based on the Chandra image and we discussed their origins further, using information from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys cluster catalog as well as the CFHT r-band image. We performed multiple rounds of Suzaku spectral analysis with different corrections for the underlying point sources and clump distribution and we compared the resulting thermodynamic profiles.
Results. We detected 16 clump candidates using Chandra, most of which are identified as background clusters or galaxies – as opposed to intrinsic inhomogeneity. Even after the correction of the resolved clumps, the entropy profile approaching the outskirts still flattens, deviating from the power law model expected from self-similar evolution, which implies that unresolved clumping and other complex physics contribute to the entropy flattening in the outskirts.
Key words: Galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium / Galaxies: clusters: individual: Abell 133 / X-rays: galaxies: clusters
Reduced images are available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr (130.79.128.5>) or via https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/678/A122
© The Authors 2023
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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