Analysis of Needlet Internal Linear Combination performance on B-mode data from sub-orbital experiments

¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
² Sezione INFN Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
e-mail: alessandro.carones@roma2.infn.it
³ Dipartimento di Matematica, Universita’ di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy

Received: 28 August 2022
Accepted: 25 June 2023

Abstract

Context. The observation of primordial B modes in cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarisation data represents the main scientific goal of most of the future CMB experiments. This signal is predicted to be much lower than polarised Galactic emission (foregrounds) in any region of the sky, pointing to the need for effective component separation methods.

Aims. Among all the techniques, the blind Needlet Internal Linear Combination (NILC) is of great relevance given our current limited knowledge of the B-mode foregrounds. In this work, we explore the possibility of employing NILC for the analysis of B modes reconstructed from partial-sky data, specifically addressing the complications that such an application yields such as E–B leakage, needlet filtering, and beam convolution.

Methods. We consider two complementary simulated datasets of future experiments: the balloon-borne Short Wavelength Instrument for the Polarisation Explorer (SWIPE) of the Large Scale Polarisation Explorer, which targets the observation of both reionisation and recombination peaks of the primordial CMB B-mode angular power spectrum, and the ground-based Small Aperture Telescope of Simons Observatory, which, instead, is designed to observe only the recombination bump at ℓ ∼ 80. We assessed the performance of the following two alternative techniques to correct for the CMB E–B leakage: the recycling technique and the Zhao-Baskaran method.

Results. We find that both techniques reduce the E–B leakage residuals at a negligible level given the sensitivity of the considered experiments, except for the recycling method in the SWIPE footprint at ℓ < 20. Thus, we implemented two extensions of the pipeline, the iterative B decomposition and the diffusive inpainting, which enabled us to recover the input CMB B-mode power for ℓ ≥ 5. For the considered experiments, we demonstrate that needlet filtering and beam convolution do not affect the CMB B-mode reconstruction. Finally, with an appropriate masking strategy, we find that NILC foregrounds subtraction allows one to achieve sensitivities on the tensor-to-scalar ratio in agreement with the targets of the considered CMB experiments.