Proximate molecular quasar absorbers

Chemical enrichment and kinematics of the neutral gas^⋆

¹ French-Chilean Laboratory for Astronomy, IRL 3386, CNRS and U. de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
² Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS-SU, UMR 7095, 98bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
e-mail: noterdaeme@iap.fr
³ Ioffe Institute, Polyteknicheskaya 26, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
⁴ Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
⁵ Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, UMR5574, U. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, 69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, France
⁶ Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, Collège de France, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne University, 75014 Paris, France
⁷ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁸ Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
⁹ European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla, 19001 Santiago, Chile

Received: 25 November 2022
Accepted: 25 February 2023

Abstract

Proximate molecular quasar absorbers (PH₂) are an intriguing population of absorption systems that was recently uncovered through strong H₂ absorption at a small velocity separation from the background quasars. We performed a multi-wavelength spectroscopic follow-up of 13 such systems with VLT/X-shooter. Here, we present the observations and study the overall chemical enrichment measured from the H I, H₂, and metal lines. We combined this with an investigation of the neutral gas kinematics with respect to the quasar host. We find gas-phase metallicities in the range 2% to 40% of the solar value, that is, in the upper-half range of H I-selected proximate damped Lyman-α systems, but similar to what is seen in intervening H₂-bearing systems. This is likely driven by similar selection effects that play against the detection of most metal- and molecule-rich systems in absorption. Differences are seen in the abundance of dust (from [Zn/Fe]) and its depletion pattern when compared to intervening systems, however, possibly indicating different dust production or destruction close to the active galactic nucleus. We also note the almost ubiquitous presence of a high-ionisation phase traced by N V in proximate systems. In spite of the hard UV field from the quasars, we found no strong overall deficit of neutral argon, at least when compared to intervening damped Lyman-α systems. The reason likely is that argon is mostly neutral in the H₂ phase, which accounts for a large fraction of the total amount of metals. We measured the quasar systemic redshifts through emission lines from both ionised gas and CO(3–2) emission, the latter being detected in all six cases for which we obtained 3 mm data from complementary NOEMA observations. For the first time, we observe a trend between the line-of-sight velocity with respect to systemic redshift and metallicity of the absorbing gas. This suggests that high-metallicity neutral and molecular gas is more likely to be located in outflows, while low-metallicity gas could be more clustered in velocity space around the quasar host, possibly with an infalling component.