ISPY: NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars

The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks^★,★★

¹ ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
² Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
e-mail: gcugno@umich.edu
³ Astrophysikalisches Institut und Universitätssternwarte, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Schillergs¨schen 2–3, 07745 Jena, Germany
⁴ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁵ Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl 12, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
⁶ Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, 51 Ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁷ Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
⁸ Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
⁹ European Space Agency (ESA), ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

Received: 6 September 2022
Accepted: 18 November 2022

Abstract

Context. Planet formation is a frequent process, but little observational constraints exist about the mechanisms involved, especially for giant planets at large separation. The NaCo-ISPY large program is a 120 night L′-band direct imaging survey aimed at investigating the giant planet population on wide orbits (a > 10 au) around stars hosting disks.

Aims. Here we present the statistical analysis of a subsample of 45 young stars surrounded by protoplanetary disks (PPDs). This is the largest imaging survey uniquely focused on PPDs to date. Our goal is to search for young forming companions embedded in the disk material and to constrain their occurrence rate in relation to the formation mechanism.

Methods. We used principal component analysis based point spread function subtraction techniques to reveal young companions forming in the disks. We calculated detection limits for our datasets and adopted a black-body model to derive temperature upper limits of potential forming planets. We then used Monte Carlo simulations to constrain the population of forming gas giant companions and compare our results to different types of formation scenarios.

Results. Our data revealed a new binary system (HD 38120) and a recently identified triple system with a brown dwarf companion orbiting a binary system (HD 101412), in addition to 12 known companions. Furthermore, we detected signals from 17 disks, two of which (HD 72106 and T CrA) were imaged for the first time. We reached median detection limits of L′ = 15.4 mag at 2″.0, which were used to investigate the temperature of potentially embedded forming companions. We can constrain the occurrence of forming planets with semi-major axis a in [20–500] au and T_eff in [600–3000] K to be 21.2_-13.6^+24.3%, 14.8_-9.6^+17.5%, and 10.8_-7.0^+12.6% for R_p = 2, 3, 5 R_J, which is in line with the statistical results obtained for more evolved systems from other direct imaging surveys. These values are obtained under the assumption that extinction from circumstellar and circumplanetary material does not affect the companion signal, but we show the potential impact these factors might have on the detectability of forming objects.

Conclusions. The NaCo-ISPY data confirm that massive bright planets accreting at high rates are rare. More powerful instruments with better sensitivity in the near- to mid-infrared are likely required to unveil the wealth of forming planets sculpting the observed disk substructures.