Polarization and variability of compact sources measured in Planck time-ordered data

¹ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
e-mail: graca@caltech.edu
² California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
³ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁴ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, USA
⁵ Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
⁶ University Of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 9 August 2021
Accepted: 4 January 2022

Abstract

This paper introduces a new Planck Catalog of Polarized and Variable Compact Sources (PCCS-PV) comprising 153 sources, the majority of which are extragalactic. The data include both the total flux density and linear polarization measured by Planck with frequency coverage from 30 to 353 GHz, and temporal spacing ranging from days to years. We classify most sources as beamed, extragalactic radio sources; the catalog also includes several radio galaxies, Seyfert galaxies, and Galactic and Magellanic Cloud sources, including H II regions and planetary nebulae. An advanced extraction method applied directly to the multifrequency Planck time-ordered data, rather than the mission sky maps, was developed to allow an assessment of the variability of polarized sources. Our analysis of the time-ordered data from the Planck mission, tod2flux, allowed us to catalog the time-varying emission and polarization properties for these sources at the full range of polarized frequencies employed by Planck, 30-353 GHz. PCCS-PV provides the time-and frequency-dependent, polarized flux densities for all 153 sources. To illustrate some potential applications of the PCCS-PV, we conducted preliminary comparisons of our measurements of selected sources with published data from other astronomical instruments. In summary, we find general agreement between the Planck and the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) polarization measurements as well as with the Metsähovi 37 GHz values at closely similar epochs. These combined measurements also show the value of PCCS-PV results and the PCCS2 catalog for filling in missing spectral (or temporal) coverage and helping to define the spectral energy distributions of extragalactic sources. In turn, these results provide useful clues as to the physical properties of the sources.