Issue |
A&A
Volume 596, December 2016
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A106 | |
Number of page(s) | 37 | |
Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527780 | |
Published online | 12 December 2016 |
Planck intermediate results
XLV. Radio spectra of northern extragalactic radio sources
1 APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
2 Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Dept of Radio Science and Engineering, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
3 Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
4 African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6–8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
5 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
6 Astronomy Department, University of Michigan, 830 Dennison Building, 500 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1042, USA
7 Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
8 Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
9 Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
10 CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
11 CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
12 Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, 91125, USA
13 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
14 Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
15 Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
16 DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
17 DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
18 Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
19 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
20 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
21 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
23 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
24 Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
25 Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
26 Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
27 Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
28 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
29 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
30 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
31 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, 00133 Roma, Italy
32 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
33 Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
34 Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
35 European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
36 European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
37 European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
38 Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi e-Campus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate (CO), Italy
39 Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland
40 Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
41 HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
42 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
43 Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
44 Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
45 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
46 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
47 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
48 INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
49 INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
50 INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
51 INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
52 INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
53 ISDC, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
54 Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
55 Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
56 Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
57 Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay, France
58 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
59 Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
60 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
61 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
62 Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
63 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
64 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
65 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
66 Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
67 Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
68 Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
69 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, 91898 Orsay, France
70 LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75000 Paris, France
71 Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
72 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53, rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
73 Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
74 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
75 Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russia
76 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
77 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box O, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
78 National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
79 Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
80 Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
81 Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
82 SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
83 School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 37, Hobart, Australia
84 School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
85 Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
86 Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
87 Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, CO 80301 Boulder, USA
88 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
89 Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
90 Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
91 Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland
92 UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
93 Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
94 University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
95 University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, 18071 Granada, Spain
96 Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
Received: 18 November 2015
Accepted: 4 April 2016
Continuum spectra covering centimetre to submillimetre wavelengths are presented for a northern sample of 104 extragalactic radio sources, mainly active galactic nuclei, based on four-epoch Planck data. The nine Planck frequencies, from 30 to 857 GHz, are complemented by a set of simultaneous ground-based radio observations between 1.1 and 37 GHz. The single-survey Planck data confirm that the flattest high-frequency radio spectral indices are close to zero, indicating that the original accelerated electron energy spectrum is much harder than commonly thought, with power-law index around 1.5 instead of the canonical 2.5. The radio spectra peak at high frequencies and exhibit a variety of shapes. For a small set of low-z sources, we find a spectral upturn at high frequencies, indicating the presence of intrinsic cold dust. Variability can generally be approximated by achromatic variations, while sources with clear signatures of evolving shocks appear to be limited to the strongest outbursts.
Key words: galaxies: active / galaxies: general / radio continuum: galaxies
© ESO, 2016
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