Issue |
A&A
Volume 536, December 2011
Planck early results
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A15 | |
Number of page(s) | 56 | |
Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201116466 | |
Published online | 01 December 2011 |
Planck early results. XV. Spectral energy distributions and radio continuum spectra of northern extragalactic radio sources⋆,⋆⋆
1
Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory,
Metsähovintie 114,
02540
Kylmälä,
Finland
2
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, c/o ESRIN, via
Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy
3
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26,
Roma,
Italy
4
Astronomy Department, University of Michigan,
830 Dennison Building, 500 Church
Street, Ann Arbor,
Michigan
48109-1042,
USA
5
Astroparticle Physics Laboratory, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
20771,
USA
6
Astroparticule et Cosmologie, CNRS (UMR7164), Université Denis
Diderot Paris 7, Bâtiment
Condorcet, 10 rue A. Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris, France
7
Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of
Cambridge, J J Thomson
Avenue, Cambridge
CB3 0HE,
UK
8
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago
Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355,
Santiago,
Chile
9
Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, PO Box
76, Epping,
NSW
1710,
Australia
10
CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON
M5S 3H8,
Canada
11
CNRS, IRAP, 9
Av. colonelRoche, BP
44346, 31028
Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
12
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
13
DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce
Road, Cambridge
CB3 0WA,
UK
14
DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191
Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
15
DTU Space, National Space Institute, Juliane Mariesvej 30, Copenhagen, Denmark
16
Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo,
Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n,
Oviedo,
Spain
17
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State
University, 525 Davey
Lab, University
Park, PA
16802,
USA
18
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of
Toronto, 50 Saint George Street,
Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
19
Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of
British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural
Road, Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada
20
Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki,
Finland
21
Department of Physics, Purdue University,
525 Northwestern Avenue,
West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
22
Department of Physics, University of California,
Berkeley, California, USA
23
Department of Physics, University of California,
One Shields Avenue,
Davis, California, USA
24
Department of Physics, University of California,
Santa Barbara, California, USA
25
Department of Physics, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green
Street, Urbana,
Illinois,
USA
26
Dipartimento di Fisica G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di
Padova, via Marzolo
8, 35131
Padova,
Italy
27
Dipartimento di Fisica M. Merlin dell’Università e del Politecnico
di Bari, 70126
Bari,
Italy
28
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di
Perugia, 06123
Perugia,
Italy
29
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza,
P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
30
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di
Milano, via Celoria,
16, Milano,
Italy
31
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di
Trieste, via A. Valerio
2, Trieste,
Italy
32
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara,
via Saragat 1, 44122
Ferrara,
Italy
33
Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor
Vergata, via della Ricerca
Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
34
Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute,
Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
35
Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL),
38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
36
European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla
19001, Santiago,
Chile
37
European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo
del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la
Cañada, Madrid,
Spain
38
European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1,
2201 AZ
Noordwijk, The
Netherlands
39
Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of
Turku, Väisäläntie
20, 21500
Piikkiö,
Finland
40
Haverford College Astronomy Department,
370 Lancaster Avenue,
Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
41
Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
42
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia
78, Catania,
Italy
43
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo
dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
44
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati
33, Monte Porzio
Catone, Italy
45
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo
11, Trieste,
Italy
46
INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
47
INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
48
INRIA, Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Université
Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment
490, 91405
Orsay Cedex,
France
49
ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, University of
Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia
16, Versoix,
Switzerland
50
Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett
Laboratory, Prince Consort
Road, London,
SW7 2AZ,
UK
51
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena,
CA
91125,
USA
52
Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble
I, 25 rue des
Martyrs, Grenoble,
France
53
Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université
Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment
121, Orsay,
France
54
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS UMR7095, Université Pierre
& Marie Curie, 98 bis
boulevard Arago, Paris, France
55
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM),
Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local
20, 18012
Granada,
Spain
56
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia
Sinica, Taipei,
Taiwan
57
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge,
Madingley Road, Cambridge
CB3 0HA,
UK
58 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo,
Blindern, Oslo, Norway
59
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
60
Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de
Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros
s/n, Santander,
Spain
61
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di
Bari, 70126
Bari,
Italy
62
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di
Perugia, 06123
Perugia,
Italy
63
Istituto di Fisica delPlasma, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, via R.
Cozzi 53, Milano,
Italy
64
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, 4800 Oak Grove
Drive, Pasadena,
California,
USA
65
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School
of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13
9PL, UK
66
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge,
Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
67
Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical
Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District,
Beijing
100012, PR
China
68
LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de
l’Observatoire, Paris, France
69
Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS –
Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191
Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,
France
70
Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS
(UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634
Paris Cedex 13,
France
71
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, CNRS/IN2P3,
Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, Institut National Polytechnique de
Grenoble, 53 rue des
Martyrs, 38026
Grenoble Cedex,
France
72
Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire, Université Paris-Sud 11,
CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay,
France
73
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, California, USA
74
Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741
Garching,
Germany
75
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie,
Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121
Bonn,
Germany
76
MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie
3, Espoo,
Finland
77
National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental
Physics, Maynooth,
Co. Kildare,
Ireland
78
Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
79
Owens Valley Radio Observatory, Mail code 249-17, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E
California Blvd, Pasadena, CA
91125,
USA
80
SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265,
34136
Trieste,
Italy
81
SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal
Observatory, Blackford
Hill, Edinburgh
EH9 3HJ,
UK
82
School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University,
Queens Buildings, The Parade,
Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
83
Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California, USA
84
Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz,
Zelenchukskiy region, Karachai-Cherkessian Republic
369167,
Russia
85
Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo
Mall, Stanford,
California,
USA
86
Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Turku, Väisäläntie
20, 21500, Piikkiö,
Finland
87
Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028
Toulouse Cedex 4,
France
88
Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory
for Infrared Astronomy, MS
211-3, Moffett
Field, CA
94035,
USA
89
University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del
Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
90
University of Miami, Knight Physics Building, 1320 Campo Sano Dr.,
Coral Gables, Florida, USA
91
W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for
Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
94305,
USA
92
Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478
Warszawa,
Poland
Received: 8 January 2011
Accepted: 28 June 2011
Spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and radio continuum spectra are presented for a northern sample of 104 extragalactic radio sources, based on the Planck Early Release Compact Source Catalogue (ERCSC) and simultaneous multifrequency data. The nine Planck frequencies, from 30 to 857 GHz, are complemented by a set of simultaneous observations ranging from radio to gamma-rays. This is the first extensive frequency coverage in the radio and millimetre domains for an essentially complete sample of extragalactic radio sources, and it shows how the individual shocks, each in their own phase of development, shape the radio spectra as they move in the relativistic jet. The SEDs presented in this paper were fitted with second and third degree polynomials to estimate the frequencies of the synchrotron and inverse Compton (IC) peaks, and the spectral indices of low and high frequency radio data, including the Planck ERCSC data, were calculated. SED modelling methods are discussed, with an emphasis on proper, physical modelling of the synchrotron bump using multiple components. Planck ERCSC data also suggest that the original accelerated electron energy spectrum could be much harder than commonly thought, with power-law indexaround 1.5 instead of the canonical 2.5. The implications of this are discussed for the acceleration mechanisms effective in blazar shocks. Furthermore in many cases the Planck data indicate that gamma-ray emission must originate in the same shocks that produce the radio emission.
Key words: galaxies: active / BL Lacertae objects: general / quasars: general / radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
Tables 1 and 4, Figs. 18−121 are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org
© ESO, 2011
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