Computational general relativistic force-free electrodynamics

II. Characterization of numerical diffusivity

¹ Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de Valéncia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
e-mail: jens.mahlmann@uv.es
² National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6164, USA
³ Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6354, USA

Received: 13 July 2020
Accepted: 27 December 2020

Abstract

Scientific codes are an indispensable link between theory and experiment; in (astro-)plasma physics, such numerical tools are one window into the universe’s most extreme flows of energy. The discretization of Maxwell’s equations – needed to make highly magnetized (astro)physical plasma amenable to its numerical modeling – introduces numerical diffusion. It acts as a source of dissipation independent of the system’s physical constituents. Understanding the numerical diffusion of scientific codes is the key to classifying their reliability. It gives specific limits in which the results of numerical experiments are physical. We aim at quantifying and characterizing the numerical diffusion properties of our recently developed numerical tool for the simulation of general relativistic force-free electrodynamics by calibrating and comparing it with other strategies found in the literature. Our code correctly models smooth waves of highly magnetized plasma. We evaluate the limits of general relativistic force-free electrodynamics in the context of current sheets and tearing mode instabilities. We identify that the current parallel to the magnetic field (j_∥), in combination with the breakdown of general relativistic force-free electrodynamics across current sheets, impairs the physical modeling of resistive instabilities. We find that at least eight numerical cells per characteristic size of interest (e.g., the wavelength in plasma waves or the transverse width of a current sheet) are needed to find consistency between resistivity of numerical and of physical origins. High-order discretization of the force-free current allows us to provide almost ideal orders of convergence for (smooth) plasma wave dynamics. The physical modeling of resistive layers requires suitable current prescriptions or a sub-grid modeling for the evolution of j_∥.