With and without spectroscopy: Gaia DR2 proper motions of seven ultra-faint dwarf galaxies^⋆

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, AD Groningen 9747, The Netherlands
e-mail: massari@astro.rug.nl

Received: 4 May 2018
Accepted: 15 October 2018

Abstract

Aims. We present mean absolute proper motion measurements for seven ultra-faint dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way, namely Boötes III, Carina II, Grus II, Reticulum II, Sagittarius II, Segue 2, and Tucana IV. For four of these dwarfs our proper motion estimate is the first ever provided.

Methods. The adopted astrometric data come from the second data release of the Gaia mission. We determine the mean proper motion for each galaxy starting from an initial guess of likely members, based either on radial velocity measurements or using stars on the horizontal branch identified in the Gaia (G_BP – G_RP, G) colour-magnitude diagram in the field of view towards the UFD. We then refine their membership iteratively using both astrometry and photometry. We take into account the full covariance matrix among the astrometric parameters when deriving the mean proper motions for these systems.

Results. Our procedure provides mean proper motions with typical uncertainties of ∼0.1 mas yr⁻¹, even for galaxies without prior spectroscopic information. In the case of Segue 2 we find that using radial velocity members only leads to biased results, presumably because of the small number of stars with measured radial velocities.

Conclusions. Our procedure allows the number of member stars per galaxy to be maximized regardless of the existence of prior spectroscopic information, and can therefore be applied to any faint or distant stellar system within reach of Gaia.