Squeezed between shells? The origin of the Lupus I molecular cloud

APEX/LABOCA, Herschel, and Planck observations^{⋆,⋆⋆,⋆⋆⋆}

¹ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 München, Germany
e-mail: bengac@usm.uni-muenchen.de
² ESO, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
³ Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Postfach 1312, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁴ Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany

Received: 13 May 2015
Accepted: 21 September 2015

Abstract

Context. The Lupus I cloud is found between the Upper Scorpius (USco) and the Upper Centaurus-Lupus (UCL) subgroups of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association, where the expanding USco H I shell appears to interact with a bubble currently driven by the winds of the remaining B-stars of UCL.

Aims. We want to study how collisions of large-scale interstellar gas flows form and influence new dense clouds in the ISM.

Methods. We performed LABOCA continuum sub-mm observations of Lupus I that provide for the first time a direct view of the densest, coldest cloud clumps and cores at high angular resolution. We complemented these data with Herschel and Planck data from which we constructed column density and temperature maps. From the Herschel and LABOCA column density maps we calculated probability density functions (PDFs) to characterize the density structure of the cloud.

Results. The northern part of Lupus I is found to have, on average, lower densities, higher temperatures, and no active star formation. The center-south part harbors dozens of pre-stellar cores where density and temperature reach their maximum and minimum, respectively. Our analysis of the column density PDFs from the Herschel data show double-peak profiles for all parts of the cloud, which we attribute to an external compression. In those parts with active star formation, the PDF shows a power-law tail at high densities. The PDFs we calculated from our LABOCA data trace the denser parts of the cloud showing one peak and a power-law tail. With LABOCA we find 15 cores with masses between 0.07 and 1.71 M_⊙ and a total mass of ≈8 M_⊙. The total gas and dust mass of the cloud is ≈164 M_⊙ and hence ~5% of the mass is in cores. From the Herschel and Planck data we find a total mass of ≈174 M_⊙ and ≈171 M_⊙, respectively.

Conclusions. The position, orientation, and elongated shape of Lupus I, the double-peak PDFs and the population of pre-stellar and protostellar cores could be explained by the large-scale compression from the advancing USco H I shell and the UCL wind bubble.