Planck intermediate results

V. Pressure profiles of galaxy clusters from the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect^⋆

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
³ Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Bauman Str. 20, Kazan 420111, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
⁴ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, c/o ESRIN, via Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy
⁵ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26, Roma, Italy
⁶ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁷ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
⁸ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁹ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹⁰ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹¹ Centre of Mathematics for Applications, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
¹² Centro de Astrofísica, Universidade doPorto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹³ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1 planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹⁴ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁵ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
¹⁶ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁷ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁸ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁹ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
²⁰ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
²¹ Department of Astronomy and Geodesy, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
²² Department of Astrophysics, IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²³ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
²⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
²⁶ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²⁷ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
²⁸ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁹ Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
³¹ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³² Department of Statistics, Purdue University, 250 N. University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
³⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
³⁹ Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
⁴⁰ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁴¹ Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴² European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
⁴³ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴⁴ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁵ GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, 5 Place J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France
⁴⁶ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
⁴⁸ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵¹ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
⁵² INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
⁵³ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Universit‘a di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185, Roma, Italy
⁵⁴ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
⁵⁵ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, Pune 411 007, India
⁵⁶ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁵⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center,California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁵⁸ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
⁵⁹ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁶⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
⁶¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶² Institut de Ciències de l’Espai, CSIC/IEEC, Facultat de Ciències, Campus UAB, Torre C5 par-2, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
⁶³ Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁶⁴ Institute of Astro and Particle Physics, Technikerstrasse 25/8, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁶⁵ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
⁶⁶ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁷ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁶⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶⁹ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁷⁰ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁷¹ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁷² Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁷³ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁷⁴ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁷⁵ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷⁶ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁷⁷ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁷⁸ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁹ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸⁰ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁸¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁸² MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, Espoo, Finland
⁸³ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁸⁴ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁵ Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁸⁶ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
⁸⁷ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁸⁸ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁸⁹ Space Research Institute (IKI), Profsoyuznaya 84/32, Moscow, Russia
⁹⁰ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia
⁹¹ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁹² Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
⁹³ TÜBİTAK National Observatory, Akdeniz University Campus, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
⁹⁴ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁵ Université Denis Diderot (Paris 7), 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁹⁶ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹⁷ Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 211-3, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
⁹⁸ University Observatory, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁹⁹ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
¹⁰⁰ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 17 July 2012
Accepted: 29 October 2012

Abstract

Taking advantage of the all-sky coverage and broadfrequency range of the Planck satellite, we study the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) and pressure profiles of 62 nearby massive clusters detected at high significance in the 14-month nominal survey. Careful reconstruction of the SZ signal indicates that most clusters are individually detected at least out to R₅₀₀. By stacking the radial profiles, we have statistically detected the radial SZ signal out to 3 × R₅₀₀, i.e., at a density contrast of about 50–100, though the dispersion about the mean profile dominates the statistical errors across the whole radial range. Our measurement is fully consistent with previous Planck results on integrated SZ fluxes, further strengthening the agreement between SZ and X-ray measurements inside R₅₀₀. Correcting for the effects of the Planck beam, we have calculated the corresponding pressure profiles. This new constraint from SZ measurements is consistent with the X-ray constraints from XMM-Newton in the region in which the profiles overlap (i.e., [0.1–1] R₅₀₀), and is in fairly good agreement with theoretical predictions within the expected dispersion. At larger radii the average pressure profile is slightly flatter than most predictions from numerical simulations. Combining the SZ and X-ray observed profiles into a joint fit to a generalised pressure profile gives best-fit parameters  [P₀,c₅₀₀,γ,α,β ]  =  [6.41,1.81,0.31,1.33,4.13 ] . Using a reasonable hypothesis for the gas temperature in the cluster outskirts we reconstruct from our stacked pressure profile the gas mass fraction profile out to 3 R₅₀₀. Within the temperature driven uncertainties, our Planck constraints are compatible with the cosmic baryon fraction and expected gas fraction in halos.