Characterising Lyα damping wings at the onset of reionisation - Evidence for highly efficient star formation driven by dense, neutral gas in UV-bright galaxies at z > 9

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Volume 711 (July 2026)

A&A, 711 (2026) A298

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Table A.1.

ID, spectroscopic redshift, UV magnitude, UV slope, H I column density, and literature references for the full z > 9 sample

ID	Alternative name	z_spec	M_UV	β_UV	log(N_HI/cm⁻²)	References
5224_277193	MoM-z14	$14 . 44_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.01}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 14.44^{+0.01}_{-0.02} $$	−19.86 ± 0.15	−2.32 ± 0.15	$19 . 42_{- 1.01}^{+ 0.98}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.42^{+0.98}_{-1.01} $$	(1)
1287_183348^( * )	JADES-GS-z14-0	$14 . 18_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 14.18^{+0.03}_{-0.03} $$	−20.96 ± 0.09	−2.53 ± 0.06	$22 . 25_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.13}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.25^{+0.13}_{-0.11} $$	(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
1287_20018044	JADES-GS-z14-1	$14 . 08_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.16}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 14.08^{+0.16}_{-0.03} $$	−19.32 ± 0.08	−2.73 ± 0.14	$19 . 54_{- 1.08}^{+ 1.08}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.54^{+1.08}_{-1.08} $$	(5, 9)
1287_20013731	JADES-GS-z13-1-LA	$13 . 0_{- 0.2}^{+ 0.2}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 13.0^{+0.2}_{-0.2} $$	−19.00 ± 0.40	−3.04 ± 0.42	$22 . 86_{- 0.20}^{+ 0.22}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.86^{+0.22}_{-0.20} $$	(10, 11, 12)
3215_20128771	JADES-GS-z13-0	$12 . 85_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.02}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 12.85^{+0.02}_{-0.02} $$	−18.63 ± 0.04	−2.6 ± 0.08	$22 . 38_{- 0.14}^{+ 0.16}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.38^{+0.16}_{-0.14} $$	(13, 14, 15, 16)
3215_20096216	JADES-GS-z12-0	$12 . 5_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 12.5^{+0.01}_{-0.01} $$	−18.98 ± 0.04	−1.97 ± 0.08	$22 . 36_{- 0.16}^{+ 0.19}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.36^{+0.19}_{-0.16} $$	(14, 15, 17)
3073_22600^( * )	GHZ2/GLASS-z12	$12 . 34_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 12.34^{+0.01}_{-0.01} $$	−21.22 ± 0.04	−2.45 ± 0.06	$21 . 60_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.21}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.60^{+0.21}_{-0.18} $$	(18, 19, 20, 21, 22)
2750_10	CEERS-10	$11 . 2_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.06}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 11.2^{+0.06}_{-0.05} $$	−20.00 ± 0.11	−1.76 ± 0.1	$22 . 21_{- 0.24}^{+ 0.32}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.21^{+0.32}_{-0.24} $$	(23, 24, 25)
6368_126973	CAPERS-126973	$11 . 17_{- 0.05}^{+ 0.10}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 11.17^{+0.10}_{-0.05} $$	−20.21 ± 0.16	−2.1 ± 0.13	$19 . 87_{- 1.43}^{+ 1.33}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.87^{+1.33}_{-1.43} $$	(26)
2750_1	Maisie’s/CEERS-16943	$11 . 34_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.02}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 11.34^{+0.02}_{-0.02} $$	−20.13 ± 0.06	−2.11 ± 0.1	$22 . 12_{- 0.31}^{+ 0.52}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.12^{+0.52}_{-0.31} $$	(27, 28, 29, 23, 24)
1210_14220	JADES-GS-z11-0	$11 . 1_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 11.1^{+0.03}_{-0.04} $$	−19.40 ± 0.04	−2.22 ± 0.06	$22 . 47_{- 0.15}^{+ 0.17}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.47^{+0.17}_{-0.15} $$	(30, 14, 15, 16)
1287_20015720	GS-z11-1	$11 . 25_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.02}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 11.25^{+0.02}_{-0.02} $$	−19.09 ± 0.08	−2.64 ± 0.08	$19 . 47_{- 1.09}^{+ 0.96}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.47^{+0.96}_{-1.09} $$	(6)
1181_3991	GN-z11	$10 . 63_{- 0.01}^{+ 0.01}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.63^{+0.01}_{-0.01} $$	−21.94 ± 0.01	−2.22 ± 0.02	$19 . 42_{- 0.87}^{+ 1.00}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.42^{+1.00}_{-0.87} $$	(31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36)
6368_22637	CAPERS-22637	$10 . 75_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.15}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.75^{+0.15}_{-0.09} $$	−20.36 ± 0.09	−2.43 ± 0.09	$19 . 48_{- 1.08}^{+ 1.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.48^{+1.03}_{-1.08} $$
5224_154407	MoM-z11-2	$10 . 71_{- 0.06}^{+ 0.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.71^{+0.04}_{-0.06} $$	−19.38 ± 0.17	−2.16 ± 0.11	$22 . 41_{- 0.24}^{+ 0.32}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.41^{+0.32}_{-0.24} $$	(26)
6368_136645	CAPERS-136645	$10 . 5_{- 0.11}^{+ 0.29}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.5^{+0.29}_{-0.11} $$	−20.00 ± 0.05	−2.55 ± 0.08	$21 . 38_{- 0.37}^{+ 0.55}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.38^{+0.55}_{-0.37} $$	(26)
1287_20176151	JADES-GS-20176151	$10 . 46_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.11}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.46^{+0.11}_{-0.04} $$	−19.37 ± 0.06	−2.49 ± 0.08	$21 . 98_{- 0.18}^{+ 0.20}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.98^{+0.20}_{-0.18} $$
3073_22302^( * )	GHZ7	$10 . 46_{- 0.03}^{+ 0.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.46^{+0.03}_{-0.03} $$	−20.14 ± 0.05	−2.64 ± 0.07	$19 . 24_{- 0.93}^{+ 0.83}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.24^{+0.83}_{-0.93} $$	(37)
3073_23984^( * )	GHZ8	$10 . 36_{- 0.14}^{+ 0.10}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.36^{+0.10}_{-0.14} $$	−20.79 ± 0.09	−2.49 ± 0.11	$20 . 51_{- 0.93}^{+ 1.66}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 20.51^{+1.66}_{-0.93} $$	(37)
1433_3349^( * )	JD2	$10 . 17_{- 0.02}^{+ 0.02}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.17^{+0.02}_{-0.02} $$	−21.46 ± 0.05	−2.34 ± 0.03	$22 . 40_{- 0.07}^{+ 0.07}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.40^{+0.07}_{-0.07} $$	(38, 39, 40)
6368_25297	CAPERS-25297	9.9381 ± 0.0003	−16.37 ± 1.65	−1.43 ± 0.06	$21 . 78_{- 0.26}^{+ 0.21}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.78^{+0.21}_{-0.26} $$	(41, 42, 43, 44)
2561_37126	UNCOVER-37126	$9 . 85_{- 0.15}^{+ 0.03}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 9.85^{+0.03}_{-0.15} $$	−20.07 ± 0.08	−2.74 ± 0.06	$22 . 53_{- 0.09}^{+ 0.09}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.53^{+0.09}_{-0.09} $$	(45)
1210_14177	JADES-z10-0	$10 . 4_{- 0.10}^{+ 0.35}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 10.4^{+0.35}_{-0.10} $$	−17.29 ± 0.29	−2.23 ± 0.11	$19 . 67_{- 1.22}^{+ 1.20}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.67^{+1.20}_{-1.22} $$	(13, 14, 15)
2561_13151^( * )	UNCOVER-13151	9.8026 ± 0.0003	−17.89 ± 0.60	−2.40 ± 0.06	$21 . 35_{- 0.42}^{+ 0.22}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.35^{+0.22}_{-0.42} $$	(46, 47, 48, 44)
6368_127376	CAPERS-127376	9.2848 ± 0.0004	−19.62 ± 0.12	−2.09 ± 0.12	$22 . 12_{- 0.28}^{+ 0.23}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.12^{+0.23}_{-0.28} $$
2756_202^( * )		9.800 ± 0.001	−16.99 ± 4.82	−1.89 ± 0.22	$19 . 42_{- 0.98}^{+ 1.08}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.42^{+1.08}_{-0.98} $$
2561_3686^( * )	UNCOVER-3686	9.3202 ± 0.0004	−21.80 ± 0.07	−2.05 ± 0.03	$21 . 58_{- 0.12}^{+ 0.11}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.58^{+0.11}_{-0.12} $$	(49, 50, 51, 41, 43, 46)
1181_55757	JADES-GN-55757	9.7498 ± 0.0006	−19.92 ± 0.04	−2.22 ± 0.10	$18 . 90_{- 0.61}^{+ 0.74}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 18.90^{+0.74}_{-0.61} $$	(52, 43)
1286_20088041	JADES-GS-20088041	9.712 ± 0.003	−19.75 ± 0.15	−2.50 ± 0.21	$21 . 68_{- 0.72}^{+ 0.52}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.68^{+0.52}_{-0.72} $$	(53, 15)
1181_59720	JADES-GN-59720	9.6356 ± 0.0003	−19.47 ± 0.09	−2.29 ± 0.11	$19 . 28_{- 0.88}^{+ 0.96}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.28^{+0.96}_{-0.88} $$	(52)
4233_833482	RUBIES-UDS-833482	9.3042 ± 0.0003	−20.51 ± 0.19	−2.04 ± 0.16	$21 . 29_{- 0.89}^{+ 0.62}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.29^{+0.62}_{-0.89} $$	(43)
2767_11027^( * )	RXJ2129-11027	9.5127 ± 0.0001	−16.66 ± 3.65	−1.26 ± 0.18	$22 . 78_{- 0.30}^{+ 0.26}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.78^{+0.26}_{-0.30} $$	(54, 43)
1345_80026	CEERS-80026	9.566 ± 0.001	−20.20 ± 0.16	−2.09 ± 0.16	$22 . 25_{- 0.32}^{+ 0.29}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.25^{+0.29}_{-0.32} $$	(23)
2561_22223^( * )	UNCOVER-22223	9.5704 ± 0.0008	−17.17 ± 0.33	−2.37 ± 0.12	$21 . 27_{- 1.00}^{+ 0.50}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.27^{+0.50}_{-1.00} $$	(43, 46)
6368_87132	CAPERS-87132	9.3833 ± 0.0002	−18.46 ± 0.12	−1.67 ± 0.15	$22 . 27_{- 0.27}^{+ 0.22}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 22.27^{+0.22}_{-0.27} $$	(43, 52)
1181_3990	JADES-GN-3990	9.3812 ± 0.0002	−19.63 ± 0.20	−1.62 ± 0.09	$19 . 72_{- 1.20}^{+ 1.09}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.72^{+1.09}_{-1.20} $$	(55, 43)
1181_17858	JADES-GN-17858	9.2173 ± 0.0003	−19.86 ± 0.08	−2.17 ± 0.14	$19 . 30_{- 0.85}^{+ 1.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.30^{+1.04}_{-0.85} $$	(52)
1433_3568^( * )	EBG-1	9.247 ± 0.001	−19.17 ± 0.14	−3.07 ± 0.12	$19 . 53_{- 0.96}^{+ 1.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.53^{+1.04}_{-0.96} $$
6368_22431	CAPERS-22431	9.2717 ± 0.0001	−20.51 ± 0.02	−2.54 ± 0.04	$20 . 27_{- 1.39}^{+ 0.51}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 20.27^{+0.51}_{-1.39} $$	(43)
6368_28597	CAPERS-28597	9.214 ± 0.001	−20.90 ± 0.10	−2.22 ± 0.07	$21 . 27_{- 1.09}^{+ 0.30}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.27^{+0.30}_{-1.09} $$
3215_265801	JADES-GS-265801	9.4437 ± 0.0001	−19.66 ± 0.01	−2.48 ± 0.01	$21 . 75_{- 0.04}^{+ 0.04}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.75^{+0.04}_{-0.04} $$	(56, 57, 58, 59, 13, 41, 43)
4233_918503	RUBIES-EGS-918503	9.2547 ± 0.0004	−20.51 ± 0.36	−2.11 ± 0.20	$19 . 12_{- 0.80}^{+ 0.93}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.12^{+0.93}_{-0.80} $$
1181_19715	JADES-GN-19715	9.308 ± 0.001	−20.59 ± 0.06	−2.44 ± 0.10	$21 . 68_{- 1.00}^{+ 0.32}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.68^{+0.32}_{-1.00} $$	(52)
4233_952693	RUBIES-EGS-952693	9.0417 ± 0.0003	−20.40 ± 0.13	−1.97 ± 0.10	$19 . 31_{- 0.92}^{+ 1.66}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.31^{+1.66}_{-0.92} $$
1286_20083087	JADES-GN-20083087	9.067 ± 0.001	−20.02 ± 0.10	−2.39 ± 0.15	$19 . 82_{- 1.23}^{+ 1.23}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.82^{+1.23}_{-1.23} $$
1181_619	JADES-GN-619	9.0718 ± 0.0003	−20.29 ± 0.10	−2.21 ± 0.08	$19 . 85_{- 1.26}^{+ 1.14}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.85^{+1.14}_{-1.26} $$	(52)
6368_94554	CAPERS-94554	9.017 ± 0.001	−18.20 ± 0.18	−2.08 ± 0.19	$19 . 35_{- 0.88}^{+ 1.06}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 19.35^{+1.06}_{-0.88} $$
1286_20077159	JADES-GS-20077159	9.0556 ± 0.0002	−20.27 ± 0.11	−1.71 ± 0.12	$21 . 75_{- 0.52}^{+ 0.32}$ $Mathematical equation: $ 21.75^{+0.32}_{-0.52} $$

Notes: ^( * ) Lensed galaxies, UV magnitudes are corrected for lensing. As well as extensive overlap between the samples of Tang et al. (2026) at z > 9, and Roberts-Borsani et al. (2026) at z > 10, individual references for discovery or analysis of specific galaxies follow: (1) Naidu et al. (2026) (2) Schouws et al. (2025a) (3) Heintz et al. (2025b) (4) Carniani et al. (2025) (5) Carniani et al. (2024) (6) Scholtz et al. (2025) (7) Ferrara (2024b) (8) Helton et al. (2025) (9) Wu et al. (2025) (10) Qin & Wyithe (2025) (11) Cohon et al. (2026) (12) Witstok et al. (2025) (13) Bunker et al. (2024) (14) Curtis-Lake et al. (2023) (15) Hainline et al. (2024b) (16) Hainline et al. (2024a) (17) D’Eugenio et al. (2024) (18) Castellano et al. (2022) (19) Calabrò et al. (2024) (20) Ono et al. (2023) (21) Zavala et al. (2025) (22) Bakx et al. (2023) (23) Arrabal Haro et al. (2023) (24) Harikane et al. (2023) (25) Harikane et al. (2026) (26) Kokorev et al. (2025) (27) Finkelstein et al. (2023) (28) Finkelstein et al. (2024) (29) Heintz et al. (2024) (30) Witstok et al. (2026) (31) Oesch et al. (2016) (32) Maiolino et al. (2024) (33) Tacchella et al. (2023) (34) Álvarez-Márquez et al. (2025) (35) Cameron et al. (2023a) (36) Bunker et al. (2023) (37) Napolitano et al. (2024) (38) Hsiao et al. (2024a) (39) Hsiao et al. (2024b) (40) Harikane et al. (2024) (41) Nakane et al. (2025) (42) McLeod et al. (2024) (43) Pollock et al. (2026) (44) Donnan et al. (2025) (45) Marques-Chaves et al. (2026) (46) Fujimoto et al. (2024) (47) Zitrin et al. (2014) (48) Roberts-Borsani et al. (2023) (49) Boyett et al. (2024b) (50) Atek et al. (2023) (51) Yanagisawa et al. (2025) (52) Tang et al. (2024) (53) Donnan et al. (2023) (54) Williams et al. (2023) (55) Schaerer et al. (2024) (56) Cameron et al. (2023b) (57) Curti et al. (2025) (58) Boyett et al. (2024a) (59) Sanders et al. (2025).

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