Atomic KS relation of log(Σ_HI) and log(Σ_SFR), coloured with column density values. As previously, we plot non-constrained values as upper limits (95%). We compare to the canonical Kennicutt & De Los Reyes (2021) (K21) relations for starburst and main sequence galaxies, as well as various gas consumption depletion times corresponding to global star formation efficiency in grey (Kennicutt 1998, N = 1.0). All galaxies lie above the empirical law, with some scatter, and the low column density (non-DLA) objects are extremely offset, even when plotted as upper limits. The binned means for Σ_gas = 10¹ − 10², and 10² − 10³ M_⊙ pc⁻² are shown as black diamonds, both consistent with ∼10 Myr. In shades of blue we compare to simulation predictions from THESAN-ZOOM at z = 10 − 12 (Shen et al. 2026; Kannan et al. 2025), SERRA at z = 7 (Pallottini et al. 2022), and H I-only gas surface density from COLIBRE at z = 8 (Lagos et al. 2026). Various literature measurements are shown in grey: from ALMA detections of [O III] 88 μm and [C II] 158 μm (Vallini et al. 2024) at z ≈ 7, CO-based measurements for starburst ULIRGs at z ∼ 0 (Bouché et al. 2007), and SMGs at z ∼ 2 (Bothwell et al. 2010; Tacconi et al. 2008).