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Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Refer to the following caption and surrounding text.

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Top: Cumulative histogram of derived column densities for our sample in shades of green: separated for non-DLAs (column densities < 1021 cm−2), and the DLA sample (column densities > 1021 cm−2) for z = 9 − 10 and z > 10. The full sample is shown as grey shaded region, comparing directly to the averages of SERRA-simulated galaxies z = 6 − 9.5 in blue (Gelli et al. 2025), showing that while the spread of observed DLAs is broadly consistent, there is a peak of extreme-DLAs (> 1022 cm−2) that are not represented in the averages of simulations, particularly for those z > 10. Bottom: Similar to top panel, but for a normalised PDF, along with the fraction of galaxies with unconstrained DLAs shown as an IGM limit.

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