Cumulative probability distribution of the upper mass limit for potential exotrojans in 260 hot-Jupiter systems. Left: results from the RMS method, compared with TROY project results in red. Right: results from our χ² analysis, offering a more conservative but statistically robust upper limit. Reference masses for Neptune, Saturn, and Jupiter are shown. Note that systems with unstable orbital configurations at the considered libration amplitudes (e.g., typically around 30° for massive planets) are excluded from the statistics. The shaded region represents the 1σ uncertainty for a libration amplitude of 15°.