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Fig. 1

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Stellar luminosity as a function of the semimajor axis of 1 MJ < Mpl < 13 MJ exoplanet orbits derived from exoplanets.org. The limits of the circumstellar habitable zone (CSHZ) are displayed with colored curves: recent Venus (dashed red), runaway greenhouse (solid red), maximum greenhouse (solid blue), and early Mars (dashed blue) are based on Kopparapu et al. (2014). Planets are represented as colored dots whose size is proportional to Mpl1/3\[M_{{\rm{pl}}}^{1/3}\]. Red and blue dots represent planets that cannot host a habitable environment for Earth analog moons (they are too hot or too cold, respectively). Orange, light green, and dark green colors show that the putative moon experiences enough energy to be considered habitable. The date of the exoplanets.org query is May 2024. We note that the purpose of the data are merely to demonstrate, using a sample of planets, that our method is valid. It is not intended to assess habitability for the most recently discovered planets.

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