Distribution of stars and planets for all multis studied in this paper. The left panel illustrates the distribution of stars, while the right panel presents the distribution of planets. Solid points denote the inner edge of the system, while hollow points represent other planets within the system. Red points indicate super-Earths and blue points represent sub-Neptunes, classified according to the radius valley defined in Eq. (1). The black solid line indicates M_★ = 1.0M_⊙, and the upper and lower dashed lines correspond to M_★ = 1.5 M_⊙ and M_★ = 0.5 M_⊙, respectively.