Path of Venus’s spin pole in the BRF over 4 years (2034-2038). The gray line represents the free wobble, appearing as a linear trend at this scale. Colored curves show the polar motion caused by: the solar torque only (top panel), the solar torque and the atmosphere (bottom panel, light blue), the solar torque and just the 117-day atmospheric contribution (bottom panel, dark blue, added for readability). Initial positions are indicated with dots. For reference, the surface resolution of EnVision’s VenSAR is indicated, for the regional (30 m) and targeted (10m) imaging.