Dark matter fraction across the cosmic time. Left panel: Dark matter fraction within R_out as a function of redshift. The color codes of datasets are same as Figure 11, and given in the legend of the plot. The gray stars represents the binned data points with 1σ uncertainty shown by error-bars. Right panel: Averaged dark matter fraction within R_e, R_opt, and R_out as a function of redshift, represented by yellow and blue lines, respectively. The bootstrap-errors representing 68% confidence interval are indicated by shaded areas color-coded with the same color as the averaged line. Dark matter fraction of local star-forming galaxies within R_opt and R_out are from Persic et al. (1996), and within R_e they are taken from disk galaxy survey of Courteau & Dutton (2015). The uncertainties on these measurements are, on average, ±0.25. The color code of these estimates are same as high-z galaxies. The dark-yellow dotted-dashed lines shows the dark matter fraction within R_e from Nestor Shachar et al. (2023).