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Fig. 7.

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Estimates of the total mass of the LG using various methods. The bottom three represent new estimates based on an anisotropic infall analysis: a corrected LG mass incorporating projection effects (2.99 ± 0.60 × 1012M), a minor infall direction (2.55 ± 0.14 × 1012M), and a major infall direction (4.56 ± 1.86 × 1012M). These are followed by the balanced momentum method and a revised TA with ä/a and LMC correction. The top four include alternative probes such as the Hubble flow, the TA with Gaussian processes, and artificial neural networks. The shaded red band highlights the range [1.9 − 3.5]×1012M, which is consistent with multiple independent analyses. The other probes were taken from Diaz et al. (2014), Peñarrubia et al. (2014), Benisty et al. (2022), Benisty (2024), McLeod et al. (2017), and Sawala et al. (2023a,b).

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