Fraction of particle mass-loss for simulations with different volume filling factors and exponential fits to the data points. The three plots show the results for the different exponents of the particle size-frequency distribution and combine the simulations for the pure water-ice (blue crosses), intimate dust–ice mixtures for dust-to-ice ratio 20:80 (orange circles), for dust-to-ice ratio 40:60 (green diamonds), for dust-to-ice ratio 60:40 (red triangles), and core–mantle particles for dust-to-ice ratio 83:17 (purple squares). The dashed lines in the respective colors show the fits according to Eq. (2), with the fit values given in Tables 1 and 2.