Top-left: Toomre diagram ( $\sqrt{V_R^2+V_Z^2}$ vs. V_T). V_R, V_Z, V_T are the stars’ velocity components in galactocentric cylindrical coordinates.

Top-middle: V_T vs. V_R. Top-right: orbital energy E vs. angular momentum L_Z. Bottom-left: orbital eccentricity vs. L_Z. Bottom-middle: $\sqrt{J_R}$ vs. J_ϕ, where J_R and J_ϕ=L_Z indicate the radial and azimuthal actions. Bottom-right: action diamond, namely the difference between the vertical and radial actions (J_Z − J_R) vs. J_ϕ, both of them normalized to the total action J_tot=J_R+|J_ϕ |+J_Z. The red (bottom-middle panel) and green (bottom-right panel) shaded areas indicate the criteria adopted here from Feuillet et al. (2021) to select candidate GSE and Seq. stars, respectively. Gray dots are stars from the “good parallax sample” of Bonifacio et al. (2021). The colored symbols are the same as in Fig. 2.