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Fig. 1

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Evolution of the solid (panel a), gas (panel b), and total torques (panel c) exerted on a 1 M planet over time (measured in terms of the number of orbits). The torques are normalized by the factor Γ0 = 2/q. The different models – with and without the back-reaction of the solid material – are represented by the empty and filled circles, respectively. The colors indicate the different types of solid material.

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