Star formation surface density Σ_SFR main sequence (Σ_SFRMS). The dotted lines show Σ_SFRMS estimated using simulated galaxies from L-GALAXIES2020 at a given reshift from z = 0 up to z ∼ 10.8 (the last dot-dashed fit includes three snapshots to increase the sample size; see Table 1). The colors indicate the (mean) redshift of the points corresponding to the Σ_SFRMS with the same color. Salim et al. (2023)Σ_SFRMS at z = 0, 1, 2, and Calabrò et al. (2024) at z = 5 and 7.5 are shown with solid lines in blue, orange, green, purple, and yellow with the corresponding scatter and within the stellar mass range studied in their work. The markers show individual intermediate- and high-z galaxies. Right panel: Evolution of the slope and normalization of the estimated Σ_SFRMS. The polynomial coefficients are given in Equations (1) and (2).