Kernel density plot for mean absolute error for reconstructions is shown. The KDE’s bandwidth was set according to Scott’s rule. The supervised infoVAE (CNN-ResNet) exhibits the lowest error, although its performance closely resembles that of AEs (CNN-ResNet). The unsupervised β-VAE (CNN-CNN), cited from Sedaghat et al. (2021), shows the highest error, which can be attributed to its less complex decoder.