Lyα damping parameter, D_Lyα, for the full JWST-PRIMAL sample as a function of redshift. The corresponding age of the Universe assuming the cosmological parameters from Planck Collaboration VI (2020) is given at the top. The colored backgrounds indicate the typical physical regimes probed for a given D_Lyα: Strong Lyα emission (D_Lyα < 0 Å; blue), extended ionized bubbles or weak Lyα emission (D_Lyα = 0–35 Å; orange), IGM absorption from x_HI = 0–1 (D_Lyα = 35–55 Å; green), and strong galaxy integrated DLAs with N_HI > 10²¹ cm⁻² from local H I gas (D_Lyα > 55 Å; red).