Dust masses in protoplanetary disks and their statistics. Upper panel: M_dust as a function of M_⋆. Black symbols show the results derived by Manara et al. (2023), while blue symbols represent our calculations considering porous dust opacities and a T_dust − L_⋆ scaling given by Eq. (6), see Sect. 3. Millimeter detections are indicated with dots, whereas triangles mean upper limits of the millimeter flux are reported. The dashed line depicts the value of 100·M_dust = 0.01·M_⋆. Bottom panel: CDF of M_dust. The grey curve shows the result calculated with porous dust opacities and a constant dust temperature T_dust = 20 K. The red curve refers to the distribution of exoplanet masses obtained by Mulders et al. (2021). The vertical dashed lines mark the median values of each distribution.