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Fig. 8

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Range in excitation temperatures (shaded colored areas) for all detected species toward the embedded low-mass protostellar systems in the JOYS sample. For each species, the measured range of more evolved Class II sources is presented in the shaded gray areas (Salyk et al. 2011; Grant et al. 2023; Gasman et al. 2023; Tabone et al. 2023; Temmink et al. 2024a; Schwarz et al. 2024; Arabhavi et al. 2024). Since no data are available for SiO, SO2, CS, and NH3 in Class II sources, these are not displayed. It is evident that the molecular features in Class 0&I sources are tracing colder regions than in Class II sources, although the number of detections in embedded sources remains limited.

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