Abundance ratios in of several detected molecules (colored datapoints) with respect to the total number of molecules of H₂O derived from the pure rotational lines (cold + warm components) toward L1448-mm. The datapoints of ¹³CO₂ and ¹³CCH₂ are multiplied by 70 to take into account the ¹²C/¹³C ratio of the local ISM (Milam et al. 2005). The larger lighter error bars indicate the range of the abundance ratios when IR pumping is taken into account. The range of column density ratios detected in the ices for all low-mass protostellar systems (i.e., not limited to L1448-mm or other JOYS sources) are displayed as the shaded colored area for each species with a confirmed ice detection (Boogert et al. 2015; Rocha et al. 2024; Chen et al. 2024).