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Fig. 8

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Ion VDF for the laminar (panels a–c) and turbulent case (panels d–f) in logarithmic scale. The VDF is plotted in a reference frame aligned with the local magnetic field and moving with the solar wind. The plots show the number of macroparticles integrated in the out-of-plane direction. The blue dashed line corresponds to the opposite of the solar-wind speed in the planet reference frame.

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