The mean solar butterfly diagram and poloidal field generation rate at the surface of the Sun

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Fig. 5.

Time-latitude diagrams of the mean surface radial source term, $\bar{S_{r}}$ $\overline{S_r}$ , inferred from the surface radial field and SFT model (top) and from the surface toroidal field and emergence model for m = 0 (bottom); see the main text. The vertical dotted lines indicate the cycle start times as determined by the procedure outlined in Sect. 2.

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